Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Plant viruses pose a significant threat to horticultural crops globally, causing substantial economic losses. NETO (New Delhi Virus) and NEPO (Nepal Enation Potyvirus) are two such viruses belonging to the Potyvirus genus, commonly affecting solanaceous crops like tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplants. NETO, first identified in India in 2013, has rapidly spread, while NEPO is a more established virus in the region, known for causing enation symptoms. Understanding their differences and impact is crucial for effective disease management in horticulture.
NETO Virus (New Delhi Virus)
NETO is a novel Potyvirus discovered in tomato plants exhibiting severe yellow mottle symptoms in New Delhi, India. It is closely related to other Potyviruses but possesses unique genetic characteristics. It's a single-stranded RNA virus transmitted by aphids (primarily *Myzus persicae*).
- Host Range: Primarily affects tomato, but can also infect pepper and eggplant.
- Symptoms: Severe yellow mottle, leaf distortion, stunting, and reduced fruit yield. In severe cases, plants can die.
- Impact: Rapid spread and high virulence have made NETO a significant threat to tomato production in India and other parts of Asia.
NEPO Virus (Nepal Enation Potyvirus)
NEPO is a widespread Potyvirus affecting a wide range of crops, particularly solanaceous plants. It is also transmitted by aphids.
- Host Range: Affects tomato, potato, eggplant, pepper, and some cucurbits.
- Symptoms: Enations (leafy outgrowths), chlorosis (yellowing), stunting, and reduced fruit quality. Symptoms are often less severe than those caused by NETO.
- Impact: Reduces yield and quality, impacting farmer income and marketability of produce.
Comparative Analysis
Here's a table summarizing the key differences between NETO and NEPO viruses:
| Feature | NETO Virus | NEPO Virus |
|---|---|---|
| Discovery | 2013, New Delhi, India | Earlier, widespread in Asia |
| Virulence | Higher, causing severe symptoms | Lower, symptoms often milder |
| Host Range | Primarily tomato, pepper, eggplant | Tomato, potato, eggplant, pepper, cucurbits |
| Genetic Differences | Unique genetic markers differentiating it from other Potyviruses | Shares genetic similarity with other Potyviruses |
| Spread | Rapid and aggressive | More established, slower spread |
Control Measures
Effective management strategies are crucial for both viruses.
- Vector Control: Aphid control through insecticides and biological control agents (e.g., parasitoids, predators).
- Resistant Varieties: Developing and deploying resistant or tolerant cultivars.
- Hygiene Practices: Using disease-free planting material and implementing strict sanitation measures in nurseries and fields.
- Crop Rotation: Rotating crops to break the disease cycle.
- Monitoring: Regular monitoring of crops for symptoms and early detection of outbreaks.
The Indian government’s National Programme for Plant Protection and Management (NPPPM) promotes integrated pest and disease management practices, which are relevant for controlling these viruses. The scheme focuses on surveillance, diagnostics, and farmer awareness.
Conclusion
NETO and NEPO viruses pose distinct threats to horticultural crops, particularly solanaceous plants. While NEPO is a well-established virus, NETO’s recent emergence and higher virulence necessitate intensified surveillance and management strategies. Integrated approaches focusing on vector control, resistant varieties, and strict hygiene are vital for safeguarding horticultural productivity and ensuring food security. Continuous research and development of diagnostic tools and resistant cultivars remain crucial for long-term sustainable management.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.