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UPSC MainsGENERAL-STUDIES-PAPER-I201120 Marks250 Words
Q1.

Essentially all that is contained in Part IV-A of the Constitution is just a codification of tasks integral to the Indian way of life.' Critically examine this statement.

How to Approach

This question requires a critical assessment of whether Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) – enshrined in Part IV-A of the Constitution – are merely a formalization of existing Indian societal values or something more substantial. The answer should acknowledge the historical and cultural context of the DPSPs, but also highlight their transformative potential and legally binding aspects (post-amendments). A balanced approach, acknowledging both sides of the argument, is crucial. Structure: Introduction, historical context & codification argument, counter-arguments highlighting the progressive nature of DPSPs, conclusion.

Model Answer

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Introduction

Part IV-A of the Indian Constitution, comprising the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs), aims to establish social and economic justice. Often described as ‘novel’ and ‘modern’, these principles guide the state in formulating policies. The statement posits that these principles are not revolutionary but simply a codification of values already inherent in the ‘Indian way of life’. While acknowledging the influence of ancient Indian thought and societal norms on the DPSPs, to view them *solely* as a codification is a simplification. They represent a conscious effort to build a welfare state and address historical injustices, going beyond mere traditional practices.

Historical Context and the Argument for Codification

The roots of many DPSPs can be traced to ancient Indian philosophies and traditions. Concepts like ‘Sarvodaya’ (welfare of all), emphasis on ‘Dharma’ (righteous conduct), and the importance of village communities resonate with Gandhian ideals and pre-colonial Indian social structures. For instance:

  • Article 48 (Protection of Cow and other Livestock): Reflects the traditional reverence for cows in Indian society.
  • Article 47 (Raising the Level of Nutrition and the Standard of Living): Echoes the ancient Indian emphasis on ‘Annadana’ (food donation) and caring for the vulnerable.
  • Article 43 (Living Wage for Workers): Aligns with the traditional concept of fair labor practices and the dignity of work.

Proponents argue that these principles were not imposed but rather formalized existing ethical and social norms, providing a constitutional framework for their implementation. The Constituent Assembly debates reveal a desire to integrate Indian traditions with modern governance.

Counter-Arguments: The Progressive and Transformative Nature of DPSPs

However, reducing DPSPs to mere codification overlooks their progressive and transformative potential. Several principles actively challenge existing social hierarchies and inequalities:

  • Article 14 (Equality before Law): Directly confronts the caste-based discrimination prevalent in Indian society.
  • Article 15 (Prohibition of Discrimination): Explicitly prohibits discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth – a radical departure from traditional social norms.
  • Article 39(b) (Equal Pay for Equal Work): Aims to dismantle exploitative labor practices and ensure economic justice, going beyond traditional notions of employer-employee relationships.

Furthermore, the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 explicitly stated that the state shall strive to apply the principles enshrined in Part IV-A in the making of laws. This gave DPSPs a degree of legal sanction, making them more than just moral precepts. The Supreme Court, in cases like Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980), has affirmed the importance of balancing Fundamental Rights (Part III) and DPSPs, recognizing their complementary role in achieving social justice.

The Evolving Interpretation and Implementation

The implementation of DPSPs has been uneven, but their influence on legislation is undeniable. Numerous laws have been enacted to give effect to these principles, including:

DPSPs Article Relevant Legislation Year
Article 38 Minimum Wages Act 1948
Article 41 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005
Article 43A Factories Act 1948 (amended)

The interpretation of DPSPs has also evolved over time, reflecting changing societal values and priorities. The judiciary has played a crucial role in expanding the scope of these principles and ensuring their effective implementation.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while the DPSPs undoubtedly draw inspiration from the ‘Indian way of life’ and reflect certain traditional values, characterizing them solely as a codification is an oversimplification. They represent a deliberate attempt to modernize and reform Indian society, addressing historical injustices and promoting social and economic justice. The DPSPs are not merely a reflection of the past but a blueprint for a progressive future, and their legal sanction, coupled with judicial interpretation, makes them a powerful instrument of governance.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

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Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs)
Guidelines to the state for making laws and policies, aimed at achieving social and economic justice. They are not enforceable by courts but are considered fundamental in the governance of the country.
Sarvodaya
A Gandhian philosophy meaning "the welfare of all," emphasizing the upliftment of the weakest sections of society. It heavily influenced the formulation of several DPSPs.

Key Statistics

As of 2023, approximately 23% of India's population lives below the poverty line (World Bank data), highlighting the continued relevance of DPSPs aimed at poverty alleviation and economic justice.

Source: World Bank, 2023

According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21), 32% of children under 5 years are stunted, indicating the continued need for policies addressing nutrition and healthcare, as envisioned in Article 47 of the DPSPs.

Source: National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5), 2019-21

Examples

Right to Education Act (RTE)

The RTE Act, 2009, is a direct outcome of Article 45 of the DPSPs, which originally aimed to provide free and compulsory education for all children up to 14 years of age. While the original article was not directly enforceable, the RTE Act operationalized its spirit.

Frequently Asked Questions

▶Are DPSPs legally enforceable?

Initially, DPSPs were not legally enforceable. However, the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 and subsequent judicial pronouncements have given them a degree of legal sanction, making them justiciable, though not in the same way as Fundamental Rights.

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