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UPSC MainsGENERAL-STUDIES-PAPER-I20115 Marks50 Words
Q19.

Benoy-Badal-Dinesh' martyrdom

How to Approach

This question requires a concise yet comprehensive note on the martyrdom of Benoy-Badal-Dinesh. The answer should focus on the historical context, the event itself, its significance in the Indian independence movement, and its lasting legacy. A chronological approach, detailing the events leading up to the act, the act itself, and its aftermath, is recommended. The answer should demonstrate an understanding of the revolutionary nationalist movement and its impact on shaping Indian identity.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The Indian independence movement witnessed numerous acts of courage and sacrifice. Among these, the martyrdom of Benoy Basu, Badal Gupta, and Dinesh Gupta on December 8, 1930, stands out as a bold statement against British colonial rule. These three revolutionaries, members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), assassinated District Magistrate John Saunders in a retaliatory act for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai. Their subsequent shootout with the police and defiant surrender, culminating in their execution, became a symbol of unwavering commitment to India’s freedom.

Historical Context & Background

The early 1930s were a period of heightened nationalist fervor in India. The Simon Commission, perceived as an attempt to deny Indians self-governance, sparked widespread protests. Lala Lajpat Rai, a prominent leader, was severely injured during a lathi charge while leading a protest against the Commission in Lahore on October 30, 1928. He succumbed to his injuries on November 17, 1928, fueling widespread anger and calls for retribution.

The Assassination of John Saunders

Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, and Shivaram Rajguru initially planned to assassinate Superintendent of Police James Scott, whom they held responsible for ordering the lathi charge on Lala Lajpat Rai. However, they mistakenly identified John Saunders, an Assistant Superintendent of Police, as Scott and assassinated him on December 17, 1928, in Lahore. To avenge Saunders’ death and to demonstrate the HSRA’s resolve, Benoy Basu, Badal Gupta, and Dinesh Gupta were tasked with a follow-up action.

The Dalhousie Square Incident

On December 8, 1930, Benoy Basu, Badal Gupta, and Dinesh Gupta stormed the Writers’ Building in Dalhousie Square, Kolkata, and shot dead Inspector-General of Prisons N.S. Simpson, a notorious colonial officer known for his brutal treatment of political prisoners. After the assassination, they remained within the building, engaging in a shootout with the police. Realizing they were outnumbered, they decided to surrender, but not before sending a statement to the press outlining their motives and allegiance to the HSRA.

Trial and Execution

The trio were arrested and put on trial. During the trial, they displayed remarkable courage and unwavering commitment to their cause. They refused to cooperate with the authorities and used the courtroom as a platform to propagate their revolutionary ideals. Benoy Basu, Badal Gupta, and Dinesh Gupta were sentenced to death and executed on July 7, 1931, in Alipore Jail. Their sacrifice ignited further revolutionary activities and inspired a generation of freedom fighters.

Significance and Legacy

  • Symbol of Resistance: Their act became a powerful symbol of resistance against British rule, demonstrating the willingness of revolutionaries to sacrifice their lives for the nation’s freedom.
  • Inspiration for Future Generations: The martyrdom of Benoy-Badal-Dinesh inspired countless young Indians to join the freedom struggle.
  • Strengthening of HSRA: The incident bolstered the HSRA’s reputation and attracted new recruits.
  • Public Awareness: The event brought the issue of colonial oppression to the forefront and raised public awareness about the need for independence.
Revolutionary Role in the Incident Age at Martyrdom
Benoy Basu Led the attack on Writers’ Building 22
Badal Gupta Participated in the assassination and shootout 21
Dinesh Gupta Participated in the assassination and shootout 19

Conclusion

The martyrdom of Benoy-Badal-Dinesh remains a poignant reminder of the sacrifices made during India’s struggle for independence. Their courageous act, born out of a deep sense of patriotism and a commitment to social justice, continues to inspire generations. While their methods were controversial, their unwavering dedication to the cause of freedom cemented their place in the annals of Indian history as symbols of revolutionary zeal and selfless sacrifice.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

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Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Retaliatory Action
An act committed in response to a previous act, typically one perceived as harmful or offensive. In the context of Benoy-Badal-Dinesh, their assassination of N.S. Simpson was a retaliatory action for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai.

Key Statistics

Approximately 2.5 million Indians were estimated to have been involved in the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), demonstrating the widespread discontent with British rule during the period leading up to the revolutionary activities.

Source: Bipan Chandra, India’s Struggle for Independence (1989)

The number of political prisoners in British India rose significantly in the 1930s, reaching approximately 26,000 in 1932, reflecting the increased repression of nationalist activities.

Source: Judith M. Brown, Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope (1989)

Examples

Chittagong Armoury Raid

Led by Surya Sen in 1930, this raid aimed to seize arms and ammunition from the British armoury. It was a significant event in the revolutionary movement, demonstrating the willingness of nationalists to challenge British authority directly.

Frequently Asked Questions

▶Were Benoy, Badal, and Dinesh members of any political party?

They were primarily associated with the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA), a revolutionary organization that operated outside the mainstream political parties like the Indian National Congress. They believed in achieving independence through armed struggle rather than non-violent methods.

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