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UPSC MainsGENERAL-STUDIES-PAPER-II20115 Marks50 Words
Q26.

The 'Kessler syndrome' with reference to space debris

How to Approach

This question requires a concise explanation of the Kessler Syndrome. The approach should involve defining the syndrome, explaining its causes and potential consequences, and briefly mentioning mitigation strategies. Focus on clarity and precision, given the word limit. Structure the answer by first defining the syndrome, then detailing the cascading effect, and finally, hinting at potential solutions. Avoid overly technical jargon.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The ‘Kessler Syndrome’, also known as the cascading debris problem, refers to a scenario where the density of objects in low Earth orbit (LEO) is high enough that collisions between objects create more debris, increasing the likelihood of further collisions. This creates a self-sustaining cascade of collisions, potentially rendering certain orbital regions unusable. Proposed by NASA scientist Donald Kessler in 1978, the syndrome has gained increasing relevance due to the growing number of satellites and space debris in orbit.

Understanding the Kessler Syndrome

The syndrome isn’t a single event but a probabilistic scenario. It arises from the exponential growth of space debris. This debris includes defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments from explosions and collisions.

Causes of the Cascade Effect

  • Collisions: The primary driver. Even small debris, travelling at orbital velocities (around 7-8 km/s), possess immense kinetic energy, capable of shattering satellites.
  • Fragmentation Events: Explosions of satellites and rocket bodies (often due to residual fuel) contribute significantly to debris creation.
  • Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Tests: Deliberate destruction of satellites, like India’s Mission Shakti in 2019 and Russia’s 2021 ASAT test, generate substantial debris fields.

Consequences of the Syndrome

  • Increased Collision Risk: Higher debris density dramatically increases the probability of collisions with operational satellites.
  • Satellite Damage/Loss: Collisions can disable or destroy satellites, impacting vital services like communication, navigation (GPS), and weather forecasting.
  • Orbital Inaccessibility: Certain orbital altitudes could become too hazardous for satellite operations, limiting future space activities.
  • Economic Impact: Loss of satellite services can have significant economic repercussions.

Mitigation Strategies

Addressing the Kessler Syndrome requires a multi-pronged approach:

  • Debris Removal: Active debris removal (ADR) technologies are being developed to capture and deorbit debris.
  • Passivation: Depleting residual fuel and discharging batteries in defunct satellites to prevent explosions.
  • Collision Avoidance: Improved tracking and prediction of debris orbits, enabling satellites to maneuver to avoid collisions.
  • International Cooperation: Establishing international norms and regulations to minimize debris creation and promote responsible space behavior.

Conclusion

The Kessler Syndrome presents a serious long-term threat to the sustainability of space activities. While the syndrome hasn’t fully manifested, the increasing debris population necessitates proactive mitigation measures. International collaboration, technological advancements in debris removal, and responsible space practices are crucial to prevent a cascading debris field and ensure continued access to space for future generations.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

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Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Space Debris
Any man-made object in orbit around Earth that no longer serves a useful purpose. This includes defunct satellites, spent rocket stages, and fragments from explosions and collisions.
Active Debris Removal (ADR)
Technologies and methods used to actively capture and remove space debris from orbit, such as using robotic arms, nets, or harpoons.

Key Statistics

As of January 2024, there are over 34,000 objects larger than 10 cm in orbit, with an estimated 130 million fragments smaller than 1 cm.

Source: United States Space Command

The cost of cleaning up space debris is estimated to be in the billions of dollars, with some estimates exceeding $5 billion.

Source: European Space Agency (ESA) - Knowledge cutoff 2023

Examples

Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251 Collision (2009)

The first major collision between two operational satellites occurred in 2009 between the US Iridium 33 and the Russian Cosmos 2251. This event generated thousands of new debris fragments, significantly increasing the risk of further collisions.

Frequently Asked Questions

▶Is the Kessler Syndrome inevitable?

Not necessarily. With concerted efforts in debris mitigation and removal, the cascading effect can be slowed or even prevented. However, inaction will significantly increase the likelihood of the syndrome occurring.

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