Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Karewas are elevated terraces formed along the valley sides of the Kashmir Himalayas, composed of glacial outwash deposits and loess sediments. These deposits, dating back to the Pleistocene period, are found primarily in the Kashmir Valley, extending from Baramulla to Shopian. They represent a unique geological feature and are vital for the region’s agricultural productivity and overall economic well-being. The recent focus on infrastructure development and extraction of construction material from Karewas has raised concerns about their long-term sustainability, making their understanding and responsible management crucial.
Geological Formation and Location
Karewas are formed due to a complex interplay of tectonic uplift, glacial activity, and fluvial processes. During the Pleistocene epoch, the Himalayan orogeny led to the uplift of the Kashmir Valley. Simultaneously, glaciers eroded the surrounding mountains, depositing vast quantities of sediment – gravel, sand, silt, and clay – onto the valley floor. These sediments, along with wind-blown loess, accumulated over time, forming the Karewa terraces.
- Location: Predominantly found in the Kashmir Valley, Jammu & Kashmir, extending over approximately 35 km in length and 8 km in width.
- Types: Karewas are classified into Lower, Middle, and Upper Karewas based on their elevation and age.
Economic Significance
1. Agriculture
Karewa soils are highly fertile, loamy, and well-drained, making them ideal for agriculture. They support the cultivation of various crops, including:
- Saffron: The Kashmir Valley is renowned for its high-quality saffron, primarily grown on Karewa lands. It contributes significantly to the region’s economy and is a geographically indicated (GI) product.
- Walnut: Karewa deposits provide excellent conditions for walnut cultivation, another important agricultural product of the region.
- Other Crops: Paddy, maize, vegetables, and fruits are also extensively grown on Karewa soils.
According to the J&K Agriculture Department (2022-23 data, knowledge cutoff), approximately 55% of the valley’s agricultural land is located on Karewa deposits.
2. Construction Material
Karewa deposits are a major source of construction material, including:
- Bricks: The clay content in Karewa sediments is ideal for brick making.
- Gravel and Sand: Used extensively in road construction, building foundations, and other infrastructure projects.
- Cement Raw Material: Some Karewa deposits contain limestone, a key ingredient in cement production.
The demand for construction material has led to unregulated extraction, posing a threat to the long-term sustainability of Karewa deposits.
3. Other Potential Uses
- Pottery: The fine-grained sediments are suitable for pottery making.
- Floriculture: The fertile soils support the growth of ornamental flowers.
- Tourism: The unique landscape of Karewa terraces can attract tourists.
Challenges and Concerns
Despite their economic importance, Karewa deposits face several challenges:
- Unregulated Extraction: Illegal mining of clay, gravel, and sand is rampant, leading to land degradation and erosion.
- Urbanization and Infrastructure Development: Expansion of cities and construction of roads and other infrastructure projects are encroaching upon Karewa lands.
- Climate Change: Changing rainfall patterns and increased frequency of extreme weather events can exacerbate erosion and land degradation.
- Lack of Comprehensive Management Plan: Absence of a well-defined and enforced management plan for the sustainable utilization of Karewa resources.
Conclusion
Karewa deposits are a unique and valuable natural resource of the Kashmir Valley, underpinning its agricultural economy and providing essential construction materials. However, their unsustainable exploitation poses a significant threat to their long-term viability. A holistic approach involving stringent regulations, sustainable extraction practices, community participation, and a comprehensive land-use planning framework is crucial to ensure the preservation of these vital deposits for future generations. Investing in alternative construction materials and promoting sustainable agricultural practices are also essential steps towards safeguarding this fragile ecosystem.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.