Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The Indian subcontinent exhibits a remarkable diversity of landforms, a result of its complex geological history and ongoing geomorphic processes. These landforms are broadly classified into several major geomorphic divisions, each with unique characteristics and influencing factors. Understanding these divisions is crucial for comprehending the region’s climate, drainage patterns, and resource distribution. The subcontinent’s geomorphology is largely shaped by the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate, leading to the formation of the Himalayas and subsequent development of other features.
1. The Himalayas
The Himalayas, the youngest and most prominent geomorphic feature, extend for approximately 2,500 km from west to east. They were formed by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, resulting in folding, faulting, and upliftment.
- Formation: Tectonic activity, primarily during the Cenozoic era.
- Divisions: Greater Himalayas (Himadri), Lesser Himalayas (Himachal), and Outer Himalayas (Shiwaliks).
- Characteristics: High peaks, deep valleys, glaciers, and active seismic zones.
- Significance: Source of major rivers, climate control, biodiversity hotspot.
2. Indo-Gangetic Plain
This vast alluvial plain, formed by the deposition of sediments carried by the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra rivers, stretches across northern India and Pakistan. It is one of the world’s most fertile and densely populated regions.
- Formation: Sedimentary deposition over millions of years.
- Divisions: Bhabar, Tarai, Bhangar, and Khadar.
- Characteristics: Flat terrain, fertile soil, extensive river systems, and prone to flooding.
- Significance: Agricultural heartland, supports a large population, and crucial for irrigation.
3. Peninsular Plateau
The Peninsular Plateau is a large, stable landmass formed by ancient crystalline and metamorphic rocks. It is bounded by the Himalayas in the north and the coastal plains in the east and west.
- Formation: Gondwana land breakup and subsequent weathering and erosion.
- Divisions: Deccan Plateau, Central Highlands, and Eastern Ghats.
- Characteristics: Tablelands, undulating terrain, river valleys, and rich mineral resources.
- Significance: Source of major rivers, mineral wealth, and supports diverse ecosystems.
4. Coastal Plains
The coastal plains are narrow strips of land along the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. They are formed by the deposition of sediments by rivers and marine processes.
- Western Coastal Plain: Narrower, rocky, and characterized by lagoons and estuaries (e.g., Kerala backwaters).
- Eastern Coastal Plain: Broader, formed by the deposition of the Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari, and Krishna rivers, with deltas (e.g., Sundarbans delta).
- Characteristics: Fertile soil, suitable for agriculture, and important fishing grounds.
- Significance: Supports a large population, harbors, and tourism.
5. Islands
The Indian subcontinent includes two major island groups: the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep Islands in the Arabian Sea.
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Volcanic in origin, covered with dense forests, and home to diverse flora and fauna.
- Lakshadweep Islands: Coral in origin, small atolls, and known for their pristine beaches.
- Characteristics: Tropical climate, rich biodiversity, and unique ecosystems.
- Significance: Tourism, strategic importance, and biodiversity conservation.
| Geomorphic Division | Formation | Key Characteristics |
|---|---|---|
| Himalayas | Tectonic Collision | High Peaks, Glaciers, Seismic Activity |
| Indo-Gangetic Plain | Alluvial Deposition | Fertile Soil, River Systems, Flat Terrain |
| Peninsular Plateau | Ancient Crystalline Rocks | Tablelands, Mineral Resources, River Valleys |
| Coastal Plains | Sedimentary Deposition | Fertile Soil, Lagoons, Deltas |
| Islands | Volcanic/Coral Origin | Tropical Climate, Biodiversity, Beaches |
Conclusion
The geomorphic divisions of the Indian subcontinent are a testament to its dynamic geological past and ongoing processes. Each division possesses unique characteristics that influence the region’s climate, resources, and human settlements. Understanding these divisions is vital for sustainable development, disaster management, and effective resource utilization. Continued research and monitoring are crucial to address the challenges posed by climate change and geological hazards in this diverse and complex landscape.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.