Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first Prime Minister, envisioned a modern, self-reliant India post-independence. This vision, often termed ‘Nehruvian socialism’, wasn’t merely about building a strong industrial base symbolized by ‘temples of modern India’ like dams and factories. It encompassed a holistic approach to nation-building, recognizing the crucial role of scientific temper, education, and institutional capacity. Nehru believed that a scientifically advanced citizenry and robust institutions of higher learning were fundamental to achieving economic prosperity, social progress, and national security. This answer will elaborate on how Nehru’s ‘temple of modern India’ extended beyond infrastructure to include a network of institutions dedicated to scientific advancement and higher education.
Nehru’s Vision of a Modern India
Nehru’s vision was deeply influenced by Fabian socialism and a belief in state-led development. He aimed to rapidly industrialize India, reduce poverty, and establish a secular, democratic society. He understood that achieving these goals required a strong scientific and technological base, which necessitated investment in education and research. This wasn’t simply about importing technology; it was about building indigenous capabilities.
Establishment of Institutions for Scientific Advancement
Nehru actively promoted the establishment of numerous institutions dedicated to scientific research and development. These were conceived as national assets, crucial for India’s progress.
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) – 1942 (established before independence, but significantly expanded under Nehru): CSIR became the apex body for scientific research in India, coordinating research across various disciplines and establishing national laboratories.
- Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) – 1951 onwards: The first IIT was established in Kharagpur with US assistance. Subsequent IITs were established in Bombay, Madras, Kanpur, and Delhi, focusing on engineering and technology education. These were modeled after MIT and aimed to produce highly skilled engineers and scientists.
- Atomic Energy Commission – 1948: Homi J. Bhabha was appointed as its chairman, laying the foundation for India’s nuclear program. This included the establishment of the Atomic Energy Institute, Trombay.
- Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) – 1969 (though its roots were in INCOSPAR established in 1962): Nehru laid the groundwork for space research, recognizing its potential for communication, weather forecasting, and national development.
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL) – 1950: Established to promote and maintain national standards of measurement.
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) – 1956: Established to raise the standard of medical education and research.
Institutions for Higher Learning and Research
Beyond scientific institutions, Nehru also prioritized the expansion of higher education in the humanities and social sciences.
- University Grants Commission (UGC) – 1953: Established to coordinate and oversee the development of universities across India, ensuring quality and promoting research.
- Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) – 1961 onwards: The first IIM was established in Calcutta, focusing on management education and research.
- National Library – 1953: Established in Kolkata to preserve and make accessible the nation’s literary heritage.
- Sangeet Natak Akademi – 1952: Promoted the performing arts and cultural heritage of India.
Connecting Institutions to Socio-Economic Goals
These institutions weren’t established in isolation. They were strategically linked to India’s broader socio-economic goals.
- Five-Year Plans: The institutions played a crucial role in implementing the Five-Year Plans, providing the technical expertise and skilled manpower needed for industrialization and economic development.
- Green Revolution: Agricultural research institutions, supported by the government, contributed to the Green Revolution, increasing food production and ensuring food security.
- Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs): The IITs and other engineering colleges provided the engineers and technicians needed to staff the PSUs, which were central to Nehru’s industrial policy.
- Social Justice: While not directly focused on social justice, the expansion of education and opportunities through these institutions aimed to create a more equitable society.
| Institution | Year Established | Key Focus | Impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| CSIR | 1942 | Industrial Research | Developed indigenous technologies, supported industrial growth |
| IITs | 1951 onwards | Engineering & Technology | Produced skilled engineers, contributed to technological advancement |
| AIIMS | 1956 | Medical Education & Research | Improved healthcare standards, advanced medical knowledge |
Conclusion
Nehru’s ‘temple of modern India’ was a multifaceted concept that extended far beyond steel plants and dams. His commitment to establishing institutions of higher learning, particularly in the scientific field, was a cornerstone of his vision for a self-reliant and progressive India. These institutions, though facing challenges in later decades, laid the foundation for India’s scientific and technological capabilities, contributing significantly to its economic and social development. The enduring legacy of these institutions underscores Nehru’s foresight and his understanding of the vital link between knowledge, innovation, and national progress.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.