UPSC MainsENGLISH-LITERATURE-PAPER-II20126 Marks
Q38.

What did we do yesterday?

How to Approach

This question, while seemingly simple, is a test of analytical and reflective writing skills. It requires the candidate to demonstrate an understanding of narrative construction, memory, and the subjective nature of experience. The answer should not attempt a literal recounting of events but rather explore the philosophical and literary implications of the question. A strong response will treat "yesterday" as a metaphor for the past and explore themes of recollection, identity, and the limitations of human perception. The structure should be introspective, moving from a general discussion of memory to a more personal reflection.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The question "What did we do yesterday?" appears deceptively straightforward, yet it plunges us into the complex realm of memory, perception, and the very construction of self. "Yesterday," as a temporal marker, is inherently elusive; it exists only as a reconstruction within the present moment. The use of "we" further complicates the inquiry, suggesting a shared experience, a collective past, or perhaps a blurring of individual and communal identity. This is not a question demanding a factual answer, but rather an invitation to explore the subjective and often unreliable nature of recollection, and the stories we tell ourselves about who we are. The question’s simplicity belies its profound implications for understanding human consciousness and the passage of time.

The Fragility of Memory

Human memory is not a perfect recording device. Instead, it is a reconstructive process, susceptible to distortion, bias, and the influence of subsequent events. As Elizabeth Loftus’s research demonstrates, memories can be altered by leading questions and misinformation, highlighting their malleability. The act of remembering itself changes the memory, solidifying some aspects while fading others. Therefore, attempting to definitively answer "What did we do yesterday?" is fraught with uncertainty. What we *believe* we did yesterday is often a curated narrative, shaped by our current needs and perspectives.

The "We" and Collective Memory

The pronoun "we" introduces another layer of complexity. Does "we" refer to humanity as a whole, a specific community, or a more intimate group? Collective memory, as explored by Maurice Halbwachs, suggests that individual memories are deeply embedded within social frameworks. Our recollections of the past are often shaped by shared narratives, cultural traditions, and the stories passed down through generations. For example, national holidays and historical commemorations serve to reinforce a collective understanding of the past, influencing how individuals remember and interpret events.

Yesterday as a Metaphor

Perhaps the most fruitful approach is to interpret "yesterday" not as a literal 24-hour period, but as a metaphor for the past – all that has come before. In this sense, the question becomes a broader inquiry into the weight of history, the consequences of past actions, and the ongoing process of becoming. The past shapes the present, influencing our choices and defining our identities. To ask "What did we do yesterday?" is to ask "What have we become as a result of our past?"

The Subjectivity of Experience

Even if we could accurately recall all the events of yesterday, the question remains: what is the significance of those events? Meaning is not inherent in experience; it is assigned by the individual. Two people can experience the same event and yet interpret it in vastly different ways. Therefore, the answer to "What did we do yesterday?" will vary depending on the individual’s perspective, values, and emotional state. This subjectivity underscores the limitations of objective truth and the importance of empathy and understanding.

The Role of Narrative

Humans are natural storytellers. We organize our experiences into narratives, creating a sense of coherence and meaning. The story we tell ourselves about yesterday – and about our lives – is not simply a recounting of facts, but a carefully constructed narrative designed to make sense of the world and our place within it. This narrative is constantly evolving, as we gain new experiences and revise our understanding of the past.

Philosophical Implications

The question touches upon fundamental philosophical concepts such as time, identity, and the nature of reality. If the past is constantly being reconstructed, can we ever truly know ourselves? If memory is unreliable, how can we be certain of anything? These are questions that have occupied philosophers for centuries, and they remain relevant today. The question "What did we do yesterday?" serves as a starting point for exploring these profound and enduring mysteries.

Conclusion

Ultimately, "What did we do yesterday?" is not a question with a definitive answer. It is a prompt for introspection, a challenge to our assumptions about memory and reality, and an invitation to reflect on the complex relationship between the past, present, and future. The value lies not in attempting to reconstruct a precise account of past events, but in recognizing the subjective, malleable, and ultimately unknowable nature of experience. The question reminds us that our understanding of the past is always incomplete and that the stories we tell ourselves about who we are are constantly being rewritten.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Collective Memory
The shared pool of memories, knowledge and narratives that a group of people – a community, nation, or culture – holds in common. It shapes identity and provides a sense of continuity.
Autobiographical Memory
Memories of personally experienced events that are temporally dated and organized, forming a personal life narrative.

Key Statistics

Studies suggest that approximately 40% of autobiographical memories are inaccurate or distorted (Source: Schacter, D. L. (1996). Searching for memory: The brain, the mind, and the past. Basic Books).

Source: Schacter, D. L. (1996)

Research indicates that emotionally charged events are more vividly remembered than neutral events, but are also more susceptible to distortion over time (Source: Brown, N. A., & Kulik, J. A. (1997). Flashbulb memories. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 6(1), 16–20).

Source: Brown & Kulik (1997)

Examples

The Mandela Effect

The "Mandela Effect" refers to a phenomenon where a large group of people share a false memory of an event that never occurred, such as believing Nelson Mandela died in prison in the 1980s. This illustrates the fallibility of collective memory.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it possible to improve the accuracy of our memories?

While perfect recall is impossible, techniques like spaced repetition, elaborative rehearsal, and mindfulness can help strengthen memory encoding and retrieval, reducing the likelihood of distortion.