UPSC MainsENGLISH-LITERATURE-PAPER-II20126 Marks
Q39.

What did we do yesterday?

How to Approach

This question, while seemingly simple, is a test of analytical and reflective writing skills. It requires the candidate to demonstrate an understanding of narrative construction, memory, and the subjective nature of experience. The answer should not attempt a literal recounting of events but rather explore the philosophical and literary implications of the question. A strong response will treat "yesterday" as a metaphor for the past and explore themes of recollection, identity, and the limitations of human perception. The structure should be introspective, moving from a general discussion of memory to a more personal reflection.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The question "What did we do yesterday?" appears deceptively straightforward, yet it plunges us into the complex realm of memory, perception, and the very construction of self. "Yesterday," as a temporal marker, is inherently elusive; it exists only as a reconstruction within the present moment. The use of "we" further complicates the inquiry, suggesting a shared experience, a collective past, or perhaps a fractured identity. This isn’t a request for a factual itinerary, but an invitation to contemplate the nature of recollection, the fallibility of memory, and the stories we tell ourselves to create a coherent narrative of our lives. The question, therefore, demands a philosophical and introspective response, rather than a literal one.

The Fragility of Memory

Human memory is not a perfect recording device. Instead, it’s a reconstructive process, susceptible to biases, distortions, and the passage of time. As Elizabeth Loftus’s research demonstrates, memories can be remarkably malleable, easily influenced by suggestion and misinformation. Therefore, attempting to definitively answer "What did we do yesterday?" is fraught with uncertainty. The details fade, become blurred, and are often replaced with interpretations and emotional residues. What we *believe* we did yesterday may differ significantly from what actually transpired.

The Subjectivity of Experience

Even if we could access a perfect record of our actions, the experience of "yesterday" is inherently subjective. Each individual perceives the world through a unique lens, shaped by their personal history, beliefs, and emotional state. What one person found significant, another might have overlooked. The "we" in the question implies a shared experience, but true shared experience is an illusion. Each of us lives within our own consciousness, interpreting events in our own way. This inherent subjectivity makes a unified account of "yesterday" impossible.

Narrative Construction and Identity

We construct narratives to make sense of our lives, weaving together fragmented memories into a coherent story. "Yesterday" becomes a chapter in this ongoing narrative, shaped by our present needs and desires. We selectively remember and emphasize certain events, while downplaying or forgetting others, to create a self-image that is consistent and meaningful. This process of narrative construction is essential for maintaining a sense of identity, but it also means that our memories are not objective truths, but rather carefully curated fictions.

The Philosophical Implications of the Question

The question echoes themes explored by philosophers like Henri Bergson, who distinguished between “duration” – the continuous flow of lived experience – and “spatialized time” – the fragmented, measurable time of clocks and calendars. "Yesterday" exists within the realm of duration, a fluid and ever-changing present that constantly absorbs and transforms the past. Attempting to fix "yesterday" as a discrete event is to misunderstand its true nature. Similarly, the question touches upon the concept of the “eternal return,” as proposed by Friedrich Nietzsche, suggesting that all events, including “yesterday,” will repeat themselves infinitely. This perspective challenges the linear notion of time and emphasizes the cyclical nature of existence.

A Possible Response – A Reflection on Routine

Perhaps, "we" spent yesterday navigating the routines of daily life. Waking, working, interacting with others, consuming information, and preparing for the future. These seemingly mundane activities constitute the fabric of our existence, yet they often slip from memory unnoticed. Perhaps "we" experienced moments of joy, sorrow, frustration, or contentment, but these emotions, too, are fleeting and ephemeral. The significance of "yesterday" lies not in any particular event, but in its contribution to the ongoing process of becoming.

The Power of Forgetting

Equally important to remembering is forgetting. Forgetting allows us to move forward, to let go of the past, and to embrace new possibilities. If we clung to every detail of "yesterday," we would be paralyzed by the weight of our experiences. Forgetting is not a failure of memory, but a necessary condition for growth and adaptation. The question, therefore, implicitly acknowledges the importance of forgetting as well as remembering.

Conclusion

Ultimately, "What did we do yesterday?" is a question without a definitive answer. It’s a prompt for introspection, a meditation on the nature of memory, and a reminder of the subjective and constructed nature of reality. The value lies not in attempting to reconstruct the past with perfect accuracy, but in recognizing the limitations of our perception and embracing the fluidity of time. The question serves as a powerful reminder that our identities are not fixed, but are constantly evolving narratives shaped by our experiences, our memories, and our capacity for both remembering and forgetting.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Episodic Memory
The memory of specific events, situated in time and space, forming a personal narrative. Distinct from semantic memory (general knowledge).
False Memory
A recollection of an event that did not happen or a distortion of an event that did happen. Often created through suggestion or imagination.

Key Statistics

Studies suggest that approximately 40% of memories are inaccurate or distorted within a few years (Source: Schacter, D. L. (1999). The seven sins of memory. Houghton Mifflin).

Source: Schacter, D. L. (1999)

Research indicates that eyewitness testimony, a crucial component of legal proceedings, is often unreliable due to memory distortions and biases. (Source: Wells, G. L., & Loftus, E. F. (2003). Eyewitness testimony. Annual review of psychology, 54(1), 253-276).

Source: Wells & Loftus (2003)

Examples

The Mandela Effect

A phenomenon where a large group of people share a false memory (e.g., believing Nelson Mandela died in prison in the 1980s). Demonstrates the collective fallibility of memory.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is memory so unreliable?

Memory is unreliable due to several factors, including the reconstructive nature of the process, the influence of emotions and biases, and the decay of neural connections over time.