Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Nepal adopted a new constitution in 2015, marking a significant milestone after years of political turmoil and a decade-long civil war. However, the constitution has been a source of persistent contention, leading to a prolonged political logjam. This stems from deep-seated disagreements among various political parties and ethnic groups regarding the structure of the state, representation, and the very definition of Nepali identity. The constitution’s implementation has been fraught with challenges, hindering Nepal’s progress towards political stability and socio-economic development. The issues are complex, rooted in historical grievances and power dynamics.
Federalism and Delimitation of Provinces
The most significant point of contention revolves around the federal structure established by the constitution. The creation of seven provinces was opposed by several groups, particularly the Madhesi and Tharu communities in the Terai region. They demanded either two provinces in the Terai or greater autonomy within existing provincial boundaries. Their concerns stemmed from perceived under-representation and marginalization. The delimitation of provincial boundaries, based on political considerations rather than geographical or ethnic lines, further exacerbated these tensions.
Representation and Inclusion
The constitution’s provisions regarding representation in the legislature have also been a source of dispute. The proportional representation system, while intended to ensure inclusivity, has been criticized for its complexity and potential for political instability. Different groups argue for varying degrees of representation based on ethnicity, caste, and region. The issue of citizenship, particularly for Madhesis who historically faced difficulties in obtaining citizenship certificates, remains unresolved, impacting their political rights and access to opportunities.
Secularism vs. Religious Identity
The declaration of Nepal as a secular state in the 2015 constitution was met with resistance from Hindu nationalist groups who advocate for the restoration of Nepal as a Hindu kingdom. This issue touches upon the country’s historical and cultural identity. While the constitution guarantees religious freedom, the debate over secularism continues to fuel political polarization. The interpretation of secularism – whether it means complete separation of religion and state or a more nuanced approach – remains a contentious point.
Electoral System and Political Instability
The mixed electoral system – combining direct and proportional representation – has contributed to political instability. The frequent changes in government, often due to coalition breakdowns, highlight the fragility of Nepal’s political landscape. The lack of a stable majority and the constant maneuvering for power among political parties have hindered effective governance and policy implementation. The 2017 local elections and 2018 federal and provincial elections, while significant steps towards decentralization, did not fully resolve the underlying political tensions.
Role of External Actors
External actors, particularly India and China, have also played a role in Nepal’s political dynamics. India’s historical ties with Nepal and its concerns regarding border security and regional stability have led to periodic interventions in Nepal’s internal affairs. China’s growing economic influence in Nepal has also added a new dimension to the country’s geopolitical landscape. The constitution’s provisions regarding foreign investment and trade have been influenced by these external pressures.
| Contentious Issue | Key Stakeholders | Nature of Dispute |
|---|---|---|
| Federalism | Madhesi, Tharu communities, Hill elites | Provincial boundaries, autonomy, representation |
| Representation | Various ethnic and caste groups | Proportional representation, citizenship, inclusivity |
| Secularism | Hindu nationalists, Secularists | Religious identity, role of religion in the state |
| Electoral System | Political parties, Voters | Political instability, coalition governments |
Conclusion
The prolonged constitutional logjam in Nepal is a complex issue rooted in historical grievances, political maneuvering, and socio-economic disparities. While the 2015 constitution was a significant achievement, its implementation has been hampered by a lack of consensus among political actors and the failure to address the concerns of marginalized communities. Addressing these contentious issues through dialogue, compromise, and a commitment to inclusive governance is crucial for Nepal’s long-term political stability and socio-economic progress. A revised approach focusing on genuine power-sharing and addressing the root causes of discontent is essential for a lasting solution.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.