UPSC MainsPHILOSOPHY-PAPER-I201212 Marks150 Words
Q5.

Sören Kierkegaard clarified that “The function of prayer is not to influence God but rather to change the nature of the one who prays”. Comment on this statement.

How to Approach

This question delves into the existentialist philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard, specifically his understanding of prayer. A strong answer will demonstrate understanding of Kierkegaard’s thought, particularly his emphasis on subjectivity and the individual’s relationship with the divine. The answer should move beyond a superficial understanding of prayer as petition and explore its transformative potential for the individual. Structure the answer by first explaining Kierkegaard’s context, then unpacking the statement, and finally, illustrating its implications with examples. Avoid simply defining prayer; focus on the *function* as Kierkegaard frames it.

Model Answer

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Introduction

Søren Kierkegaard, a 19th-century Danish philosopher, is widely regarded as the father of existentialism. His work profoundly challenged traditional Hegelian philosophy and Christian dogma, emphasizing the importance of individual subjectivity, faith, and the inherent paradoxes of human existence. Kierkegaard’s understanding of religion wasn’t about adherence to doctrines but a deeply personal and passionate relationship with God. His assertion that “The function of prayer is not to influence God but rather to change the nature of the one who prays” is a radical departure from conventional notions of prayer as a means of securing divine intervention. This statement highlights a shift in focus from an objective, transactional view of faith to a subjective, transformative one.

Understanding Kierkegaard’s Context

Kierkegaard critiqued the established Church of Denmark for its perceived superficiality and its accommodation of worldly values. He believed that true faith required a “leap of faith” – a passionate, subjective commitment to God despite the absence of rational proof. He distinguished between different ‘stages on life’s way’ – the aesthetic, the ethical, and the religious – arguing that only the religious stage involved a genuine relationship with the divine, characterized by paradox and inwardness.

Deconstructing the Statement

Kierkegaard’s statement isn’t a denial of God’s omnipotence or responsiveness. Rather, it’s a claim about the *primary effect* of prayer. He argues that attempting to ‘influence’ God implies a certain level of control or manipulation, a presumption of understanding God’s will. This, he believed, is fundamentally flawed. True prayer, according to Kierkegaard, is not about getting what one wants, but about aligning oneself with the divine will.

The Transformative Power of Prayer

The ‘change’ in the one who prays isn’t merely emotional or psychological. It’s a deeper ontological shift. Through prayer, the individual confronts their own finitude, sinfulness, and dependence on God. This confrontation leads to humility, self-awareness, and a willingness to surrender to the divine.

  • Subjectivity and Truth: Kierkegaard believed that truth is subjective. Prayer isn’t about discovering objective truths about God, but about the individual’s subjective experience of faith.
  • The Paradox of Faith: Prayer often involves asking for things that seem impossible or contradictory. This embrace of paradox is central to Kierkegaard’s understanding of faith.
  • Becoming a Self: Through the struggle and self-examination inherent in prayer, the individual comes to define themselves authentically, not through societal expectations but through their relationship with God.

Illustrative Examples

Consider the example of a person praying for healing. If their prayer is solely focused on achieving physical health, they are attempting to ‘influence’ God. However, if their prayer involves accepting whatever God’s will may be – even if it means suffering or death – and finding meaning in that acceptance, then the prayer is transformative. The individual isn’t necessarily healed physically, but they are changed spiritually, gaining strength, resilience, and a deeper understanding of their own mortality.

Another example can be found in the story of Job. Job doesn’t attempt to bargain with God or demand an explanation for his suffering. Instead, he wrestles with his faith, questioning God’s justice while ultimately reaffirming his belief. This struggle, rather than a specific answer to his prayers, is what transforms Job.

Prayer as Influence Prayer as Transformation
Focus on desired outcome Focus on aligning with divine will
Transactional – seeking a reward Relational – deepening connection
Presumes understanding of God’s plan Acknowledges the mystery of faith

Conclusion

Kierkegaard’s statement challenges us to reconsider the purpose of prayer. It’s not a tool for manipulating the divine, but a pathway to self-discovery and spiritual growth. By shifting the focus from ‘getting’ to ‘becoming,’ prayer becomes a profoundly personal and transformative practice. This perspective offers a powerful antidote to the superficiality and self-centeredness that often characterize modern religious life, urging individuals to embrace the paradoxes of faith and cultivate a genuine, subjective relationship with the divine.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Existentialism
A philosophical theory emphasizing individual freedom, responsibility, and subjectivity. It posits that existence precedes essence, meaning that individuals create their own meaning in life.
Subjectivity
The state of being based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions. In philosophy, it refers to the importance of individual experience and perspective in understanding truth.

Key Statistics

According to a 2023 Pew Research Center study, approximately 55% of U.S. adults pray daily.

Source: Pew Research Center, “America’s Changing Religious Landscape” (2023)

A 2020 study by the World Values Survey found that religious belief and practice are correlated with higher levels of subjective well-being in many countries.

Source: World Values Survey (2020)

Examples

The Serenity Prayer

The Serenity Prayer ("God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, courage to change the things I can, and wisdom to know the difference") exemplifies Kierkegaard’s concept of prayer as transformation. It focuses on inner acceptance and strength rather than altering external circumstances.

Frequently Asked Questions

Does Kierkegaard believe prayer is ineffective if it doesn’t change external circumstances?

No, Kierkegaard doesn’t believe prayer is ineffective. He believes its primary effectiveness lies in its ability to change the individual, regardless of whether external circumstances change. The value of prayer isn’t in achieving a desired outcome, but in the spiritual growth it fosters.

Topics Covered

PhilosophyReligionExistentialismFaithSubjectivityTheology