Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
An ‘ageing population’ refers to a demographic trend where the proportion of older individuals (typically 60 years and above) increases relative to the younger population. Globally, this is a growing phenomenon, driven by increased life expectancy and declining fertility rates. India, too, is witnessing a rapid greying of its population. As per the Longitudinal Ageing Survey of India (LASI) 2023, over 10.5% of India’s population is aged 60 years or above, a figure projected to rise significantly in the coming decades. This demographic shift presents unique challenges, particularly concerning the erosion of traditional social support systems and the need for comprehensive welfare measures for the aged.
Problems of an Ageing Population
The increasing proportion of older adults brings forth a multitude of problems, spanning social, economic, and psychological dimensions:
- Social Isolation and Loneliness: Reduced social interaction due to retirement, loss of spouse/friends, and geographical distance from family members leads to feelings of isolation and loneliness.
- Health Issues: Ageing is often accompanied by chronic diseases (diabetes, heart disease, arthritis), disabilities, and cognitive decline, requiring extensive healthcare.
- Economic Vulnerability: Many older adults face financial insecurity due to inadequate pension coverage, loss of income after retirement, and limited savings.
- Elder Abuse: Physical, emotional, financial, and neglectful abuse of older adults is a growing concern, often hidden and underreported.
- Increased Dependency: A larger elderly population increases the dependency ratio, placing a strain on the working-age population to provide care and support.
Decline of Traditional Social Support Systems
Historically, Indian society relied heavily on the joint family system and strong community networks to provide care and support for the elderly. However, these traditional systems are undergoing a significant decline due to several factors:
- Nuclearization of Families: Migration for employment and education has led to the fragmentation of joint families, with younger generations moving away from their parents and grandparents.
- Urbanization: Urban lifestyles often prioritize individual independence and career advancement, leaving less time and resources for caring for elderly relatives.
- Changing Values: A shift towards individualistic values and a decline in traditional filial piety (respect for elders) contribute to a weakening of family bonds.
- Weakening Community Bonds: Reduced community participation and a decline in traditional social institutions (e.g., village councils) diminish the availability of informal support networks.
- Increased Female Labour Force Participation: While positive in many respects, increased participation of women in the workforce can reduce the time available for providing care to elderly family members.
The decline is evident in the increasing number of elderly individuals living alone or with only their spouses, lacking the support of extended family members. Data from HelpAge India (2022) indicates a significant rise in the number of elderly individuals reporting feelings of loneliness and abandonment.
Alternative Measures to Support the Ageing Population
Addressing the challenges of an ageing population requires a multi-pronged approach, encompassing policy interventions, community-based initiatives, and technological solutions:
- Strengthening Social Security: Expanding pension coverage, increasing pension amounts, and ensuring indexation to inflation are crucial for providing economic security to older adults. The National Pension System (NPS) needs to be made more accessible and attractive.
- Healthcare Access: Improving access to affordable and quality healthcare services, including geriatric care, is essential. Strengthening primary healthcare centers and providing home-based care services can address the healthcare needs of the elderly.
- Elderly-Friendly Infrastructure: Creating age-friendly cities and communities with accessible transportation, housing, and public spaces is vital.
- Promoting Intergenerational Solidarity: Encouraging intergenerational interaction and fostering a sense of respect for elders through educational programs and community events.
- Community-Based Care: Supporting the development of community-based care facilities, such as day care centers, respite care services, and senior citizen associations.
- Leveraging Technology: Utilizing technology to provide remote monitoring, telehealth services, and social connectivity for older adults. Smart home technologies can enhance safety and independence.
- Legal Protection: Strengthening laws and enforcement mechanisms to protect older adults from abuse and exploitation. The Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, needs to be effectively implemented.
- Skill Development & Employment Opportunities: Providing opportunities for continued learning and skill development for older adults, enabling them to remain active and engaged in society. Encouraging flexible work arrangements and promoting age-friendly workplaces.
Furthermore, promoting awareness about the needs of the elderly and challenging ageist stereotypes is crucial for creating a more inclusive and supportive society.
Conclusion
India’s rapidly ageing population presents both challenges and opportunities. While the decline of traditional support systems necessitates innovative solutions, a proactive and comprehensive approach – encompassing robust social security, accessible healthcare, age-friendly infrastructure, and community-based care – can ensure that older adults live with dignity, security, and participation in society. Investing in the well-being of the elderly is not merely a social obligation but also a crucial step towards building a more equitable and sustainable future.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.