Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Transgenic plants, also known as genetically modified (GM) plants, represent a significant advancement in agricultural biotechnology. These plants are created by introducing foreign genes into their genome to impart desirable traits, such as resistance to pests, diseases, or herbicides. The Green Revolution initially addressed food security, but now, with emerging challenges like climate change and pest resistance, transgenic technology offers potential solutions. The first transgenic crop commercially available was Flavr Savr tomato in 1994. India has witnessed increasing adoption of Bt cotton, showcasing the potential and controversies surrounding this technology.
What are Transgenic Plants?
Transgenic plants are those whose genome has been altered using recombinant DNA technology. This involves inserting genes from another organism (bacteria, virus, or another plant) into the plant’s DNA. The inserted gene, called a transgene, confers a specific trait to the plant. For example, the Bt gene from *Bacillus thuringiensis* provides insect resistance.
Disease and Insect Resistance through Transgenic Modification
The most common application of transgenic technology is to enhance disease and insect resistance. This reduces the need for chemical pesticides and fungicides, leading to environmental and economic benefits. Several approaches are employed:
- Bt Genes: These genes produce insecticidal proteins that are toxic to specific pests. Bt cotton, resistant to bollworms, is a prime example.
- Virus-Resistant Plants: Genes encoding viral proteins can be introduced, conferring resistance to viral diseases.
- Disease Resistance Genes (R-genes): Genes responsible for recognizing and combating pathogens can be introduced from other plants or organisms.
Benefits of Transgenic Plants for Resistance
- Reduced Pesticide Use: Significantly lowers the environmental impact and cost of farming.
- Increased Yields: Protecting crops from pests and diseases leads to higher yields and improved food security.
- Improved Crop Quality: Resistance to diseases can improve the nutritional value and shelf life of crops.
- Reduced Post-Harvest Losses: Disease resistance minimizes losses during storage and transportation.
Challenges and Risks
Despite the benefits, transgenic technology faces challenges:
- Development of Resistance: Pests and diseases can evolve resistance to the introduced genes, requiring new strategies.
- Gene Flow: Transgenes can potentially transfer to wild relatives, leading to unintended consequences.
- Environmental Impact: Concerns exist about the impact on non-target organisms and biodiversity.
- Human Health Concerns: While extensive testing is conducted, potential allergenic or toxic effects remain a concern for some.
Regulatory Framework in India
The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee (GEAC) under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change regulates the introduction and commercialization of transgenic crops in India. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety governs international movement of GMOs. Recent debates surround the approval of genetically modified mustard (DMH 1144).
Ethical Considerations
Ethical debates revolve around issues such as intellectual property rights, farmer dependency on seed companies, and the potential for unforeseen ecological consequences. The precautionary principle, which advocates for caution in the face of uncertainty, is often invoked in discussions about transgenic crops.
| Trait | Method | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Insect Resistance | Insertion of Bt genes | Bt Cotton |
| Disease Resistance | Introduction of R-genes | Virus-resistant papaya (Hawaii) |
| Herbicide Tolerance | Insertion of glyphosate resistance genes | Roundup Ready soybeans |
Conclusion
Transgenic plants offer a powerful tool for enhancing disease and insect resistance, contributing to increased yields and reduced pesticide use. However, careful consideration of potential risks, robust regulatory frameworks, and continuous monitoring are crucial to ensure their safe and sustainable deployment. Addressing ethical concerns and promoting public awareness are also essential for fostering trust and acceptance of this technology, ultimately contributing to a more resilient and secure food system.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.