Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Left Wing Extremism (LWE), also known as Naxalism, remains a significant challenge to India's internal security. Rooted in socio-economic grievances, historical marginalization, and inadequate governance, LWE primarily affects regions like Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, and Maharashtra. According to the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), LWE affected 76 districts across 12 states as of 2023. The government's response has been multi-faceted, encompassing security operations, development programs, and efforts to address the underlying causes of the conflict. This response has evolved over time, with varying degrees of success.
Understanding Left Wing Extremism (LWE)
LWE is not merely a law and order issue but a complex socio-economic phenomenon. It's a form of armed rebellion against the state, often fueled by grievances related to land rights, displacement, and lack of development. The Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI) and People’s War Group (PWG) were prominent groups before their merger in 2004 to form the Communist Party of India (Maoist).
Government Actions: A Multi-Pronged Approach
1. Security Measures
The government has adopted a security-centric approach, deploying paramilitary forces and state police for anti-LWE operations. Key initiatives include:
- Operation Green Hunt (2009-2011): A coordinated operation by the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) and state police forces. While it achieved some tactical successes, it also led to displacement and human rights concerns.
- Greyhounds (Andhra Pradesh): A specialized anti-Naxal force, known for its effectiveness, serves as a model for other states.
- TRI-NETRA (TRIal Network for Tracking Radar and Navigation): A surveillance system utilizing drones and cameras to monitor LWE-affected areas.
2. Development Initiatives
Recognizing the need for a holistic approach, the government has launched various development programs:
- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY): Connecting remote villages with all-weather roads, improving accessibility and facilitating development.
- Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY): Providing electricity to rural households, addressing a critical development deficit.
- National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM) - Aajeevika: Empowering women through self-help groups and skill development programs.
- Samagra Gram Vikas Yojana (SGVY): Integrated rural development programs addressing multiple sectors like education, health, and sanitation.
3. Social Inclusion Programs
Addressing the root causes of LWE requires social inclusion and equitable access to resources:
- Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006: Aims to recognize the rights of forest-dwelling communities, addressing a key grievance. However, implementation has been slow and inconsistent.
- Panchayat Extension to Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act, 1996: Grants greater autonomy to tribal communities in managing their traditional resources.
- Special Planning Authority (SPA) in LWE affected areas: Focuses on planned and sustainable development, ensuring local participation.
| Scheme | Objective | Year Launched |
|---|---|---|
| PMGSY | Rural road connectivity | 2001 |
| DDUGJY | Rural electrification | 2014 |
| NRLM - Aajeevika | Rural livelihood enhancement | 2011 |
Effectiveness and Challenges
While security operations have reduced the geographical spread of LWE, development initiatives have had limited impact due to factors like corruption, lack of local participation, and inadequate implementation. The FRA and PESA Acts have faced challenges in effective implementation, leading to continued grievances. The Maoist Communist Centre of India (MCCI) continues to recruit disillusioned youth and exploit vulnerabilities. According to the MHA, civilian casualties during LWE-related incidents remain a concern.
Case Study: Bastar Region, Chhattisgarh
The Bastar region in Chhattisgarh is the epicenter of LWE activity. Despite significant security deployments and development initiatives, the region continues to face challenges. Displacement due to mining activities and inadequate compensation have fueled resentment and contributed to the LWE problem. The Dantewada district, within Bastar, consistently reports high incidents of violence.
Conclusion
Government action against LWE requires a shift from a solely security-centric approach to a more holistic strategy that prioritizes development, social inclusion, and good governance. Strengthening the implementation of the FRA and PESA Acts, ensuring local participation in development projects, and addressing the root causes of grievances are crucial. A focus on building trust and fostering dialogue with affected communities is essential for long-term success. Addressing corruption and improving the efficiency of government programs is also critical for achieving sustainable peace and development in LWE-affected regions.
Answer Length
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