UPSC MainsENGLISH-COMPULSORY20131 Marks
Q22.

One must do what he thinks best.

How to Approach

This question, while seemingly simple, delves into the complex interplay of individual conscience, societal norms, and ethical responsibility. A good answer will explore the philosophical underpinnings of the statement, acknowledging both its merits and potential pitfalls. The response should discuss the importance of individual judgment while also highlighting the need for accountability and consideration of consequences. Structure the answer by first defining the core concept, then exploring arguments for and against the statement, and finally, offering a nuanced conclusion.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The assertion "One must do what he thinks best" encapsulates a powerful notion of individual autonomy and moral agency. It suggests that personal conviction should be the ultimate guiding principle in decision-making. However, this seemingly straightforward statement raises profound ethical questions. While prioritizing one’s own judgment is crucial for personal integrity and innovation, a purely subjective approach can potentially disregard broader societal implications and ethical obligations. This answer will explore the validity of this statement, examining its strengths and weaknesses within the context of individual responsibility and collective well-being.

The Case for Individual Judgment

The statement finds support in several philosophical traditions. Kant’s categorical imperative, while emphasizing universalizability, acknowledges the importance of rational individuals acting according to principles they deem morally correct. Similarly, John Stuart Mill’s harm principle, a cornerstone of liberal thought, advocates for individual liberty as long as it doesn’t harm others. In practical terms, relying on one’s own judgment fosters innovation and progress. Throughout history, individuals who challenged conventional wisdom – like Galileo Galilei or Marie Curie – did so because they believed in the validity of their own observations and reasoning.

  • Moral Courage: Acting on one’s convictions, even in the face of opposition, demonstrates moral courage and integrity.
  • Personal Responsibility: Taking ownership of one’s decisions, based on personal beliefs, promotes accountability.
  • Authenticity: Living in accordance with one’s values leads to a more authentic and fulfilling life.

The Limitations and Potential Dangers

However, the statement is not without its limitations. Unfettered individual judgment can lead to ethical dilemmas and societal harm. The concept of moral relativism, which suggests that morality is subjective and varies across cultures, highlights the potential for conflicting “best” actions. Furthermore, ignoring established ethical frameworks and legal norms can have detrimental consequences.

The Problem of Subjectivity

What one person deems “best” may be harmful or unjust to others. For example, a business owner might believe maximizing profits is “best” for their company, but this could come at the expense of worker safety or environmental sustainability. Similarly, an individual’s personal beliefs about social issues could lead to discriminatory practices.

The Need for Accountability

The statement lacks a crucial element: accountability. While individuals should exercise their judgment, they must also be held responsible for the consequences of their actions. A purely subjective approach can create a moral loophole, allowing individuals to justify harmful behavior by claiming they were simply doing what they thought best. The Nuremberg trials (1945-1949) serve as a stark reminder of the dangers of individuals claiming they were “just following orders” or acting on their own convictions without regard for universal moral principles.

Finding a Balance: Conscience and Consequences

A more nuanced approach recognizes the importance of both individual judgment and collective responsibility. Individuals should strive to make informed decisions based on their values, but they must also consider the potential consequences of their actions and their impact on others. This requires a commitment to critical thinking, empathy, and a willingness to engage in dialogue with those who hold different perspectives. The concept of deliberative democracy, which emphasizes reasoned discussion and consensus-building, offers a framework for navigating complex ethical dilemmas.

Individual Judgment Collective Responsibility
Promotes autonomy and innovation Ensures fairness and justice
Fosters personal integrity Protects vulnerable groups
Encourages moral courage Maintains social order

Conclusion

In conclusion, while the statement "One must do what he thinks best" highlights the importance of individual conscience and moral agency, it is an incomplete ethical principle. A responsible and ethical life requires a balance between personal conviction and consideration for the well-being of others. Individuals should strive to act in accordance with their values, but they must also be accountable for the consequences of their actions and willing to engage in constructive dialogue to navigate the complexities of the moral landscape. Ultimately, true ethical leadership involves not simply doing what one *thinks* is best, but striving to determine what *is* best for all stakeholders involved.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Moral Relativism
The view that moral judgments are true or false only relative to some particular standpoint (e.g., a culture or a historical period) and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others.
Categorical Imperative
A central concept in Kantian ethics, it is a moral principle stating that one should act only according to a maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.

Key Statistics

According to a 2023 Pew Research Center study, 63% of Americans believe that personal freedom is more important than social order.

Source: Pew Research Center (2023)

The Global Corruption Perception Index 2023 ranks India 93rd out of 180 countries, indicating a significant level of perceived corruption.

Source: Transparency International (2023)

Examples

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

This infamous study (1932-1972) involved withholding treatment from African American men with syphilis to observe the natural progression of the disease. Researchers believed they were conducting important scientific research, but their actions were deeply unethical and violated the rights of the participants.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it ever justifiable to disobey the law based on one's personal beliefs?

Civil disobedience, the intentional violation of laws deemed unjust, is a complex issue. While it can be a powerful tool for social change, it should be undertaken with careful consideration of the potential consequences and a willingness to accept legal penalties.