Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The reorganization of states in India is a recurring theme in its political history, often driven by administrative efficiency, linguistic identity, or socio-economic factors. The year 2000 witnessed a significant milestone in this regard with the creation of three new states – Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Uttarakhand – carved out from Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh respectively. This decision stemmed from long-standing demands for separate statehood based on regional disparities, tribal identities, and developmental concerns. The creation of these states was a culmination of decades of political movements and a reassessment of administrative structures to better serve the needs of diverse populations.
Historical Context & Demand for New States
The demand for separate states predates India’s independence. Post-independence, the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) in 1956 laid the foundation for linguistic reorganization of states. However, demands for states based on socio-economic factors and regional identities continued. The regions that eventually became Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Uttarakhand had been voicing their grievances for decades.
- Chhattisgarh: The demand arose from the feeling of neglect and underdevelopment of the region, particularly its tribal population.
- Jharkhand: Primarily driven by the Adivasi (tribal) communities seeking self-governance and control over their resources.
- Uttarakhand: The movement focused on the distinct cultural identity of the hill regions of Uttar Pradesh and the perceived lack of attention from the state government.
Constitutional Provisions
The creation of new states in India is governed by Article 3 of the Constitution, which empowers Parliament to form new states or alter the area, boundaries, or name of existing states. This power is exercised through a simple majority in both Houses of Parliament. Article 371 provides special provisions for certain states, including provisions relating to law and order and the administration of Scheduled Areas, which were relevant in the context of Jharkhand.
Reasons for Creation in 2000
Several factors converged in 2000 to facilitate the creation of these states:
- Political Consensus: The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government at the Centre played a crucial role in building political consensus for the reorganization.
- Administrative Efficiency: It was argued that smaller states would be more manageable and responsive to the needs of their citizens.
- Developmental Concerns: The creation of new states was seen as a way to address regional disparities and promote inclusive growth.
- Addressing Grievances: Responding to long-standing demands for self-determination and recognition of distinct identities.
The Reorganization Process
The process involved the enactment of specific Acts of Parliament for each state:
| State | Act of Parliament | Parent State |
|---|---|---|
| Chhattisgarh | Chhattisgarh Reorganisation Act, 2000 | Madhya Pradesh |
| Jharkhand | Jharkhand Reorganisation Act, 2000 | Bihar |
| Uttarakhand | Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 | Uttar Pradesh |
Challenges Post-Creation
While the creation of these states was welcomed by many, it also presented several challenges:
- Capital Development: Establishing new capitals and administrative infrastructure required significant investment.
- Resource Allocation: Fair distribution of assets, resources, and liabilities between the parent and new states was a complex issue.
- Administrative Capacity: Building administrative capacity in the newly formed states posed a challenge.
- Naxalism (Jharkhand): Jharkhand, in particular, faced the challenge of dealing with Naxalite insurgency due to its rich mineral resources and socio-economic disparities.
Conclusion
The creation of Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Uttarakhand in 2000 was a significant event in India’s administrative and political landscape. It reflected a response to long-standing regional aspirations and a belief in the potential for more focused and effective governance through smaller states. While challenges remain in terms of development and administrative capacity, the reorganization has, to a large extent, addressed the grievances of marginalized communities and facilitated greater participation in the political process. The success of these states serves as a case study for future considerations regarding state reorganization in India.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.