Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Slums are a pervasive feature of urban landscapes in developing countries like India, representing a stark reality of rapid urbanization and socio-economic disparities. Defined by the UN-Habitat as areas characterized by inadequate housing, lack of basic services, and overcrowding, slums are often a consequence of poverty, migration, and inadequate urban planning. As per the 2011 Census, approximately 17.3% of India’s urban population resides in slums, highlighting the scale of the issue. These settlements pose significant challenges to urban sustainability and social equity.
Defining Slums & Their Manifestation
Slums aren’t merely physical spaces; they are symptoms of deeper systemic issues. They are characterized by precarious housing, often constructed with temporary materials, and a lack of legal recognition. This leads to insecurity of tenure and limited access to essential services.
Problems Associated with Slums
Socio-Economic Problems:
- Poverty & Unemployment: High rates of unemployment and underemployment trap residents in a cycle of poverty.
- Lack of Education: Limited access to quality education perpetuates intergenerational poverty.
- Health Issues: Overcrowding and poor sanitation lead to the spread of infectious diseases.
- Social Exclusion: Slum dwellers often face discrimination and marginalization.
Environmental Problems:
- Poor Sanitation: Lack of proper waste disposal and sewage systems leads to environmental pollution.
- Water Scarcity: Limited access to clean water sources.
- Air Pollution: Proximity to industrial areas and reliance on polluting fuels contribute to air pollution.
Infrastructural Problems:
- Inadequate Housing: Substandard housing conditions expose residents to health risks and natural disasters.
- Lack of Basic Services: Limited access to electricity, healthcare, and transportation.
- Overcrowding: High population density exacerbates existing problems.
The problems are often interconnected. For example, lack of education limits employment opportunities, contributing to poverty and poor health. The ‘Dharavi’ slum in Mumbai, despite being a thriving economic hub, faces significant infrastructural and environmental challenges.
Conclusion
Slums represent a complex urban challenge requiring a multi-pronged approach. Addressing the root causes of slum formation – poverty, inequality, and inadequate urban planning – is crucial. Sustainable solutions involve providing affordable housing, improving basic services, promoting economic opportunities, and ensuring security of tenure. Integrated urban development policies, like the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana – Urban (PMAY-U), are essential for creating inclusive and livable cities.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.