Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The Vijayanagar Empire (1336-1646 CE) flourished in the Deccan plateau, a region characterized by diverse agro-climatic zones. Agriculture formed the backbone of its economy, supporting a large population and funding its military and administrative apparatus. The empire’s prosperity was intrinsically linked to its sophisticated agricultural and irrigation systems, which were meticulously documented by contemporary chroniclers and foreign visitors. This answer will evaluate these systems based on available sources, highlighting their features, efficiency, and impact on the empire’s socio-economic landscape.
Geographical Context and Land Classification
The Vijayanagar kingdom encompassed a varied topography, including fertile river valleys, semi-arid regions, and hilly terrains. This diversity necessitated adaptable agricultural practices. Contemporary sources suggest a classification of land based on productivity. ‘Wet lands’ (kalam), irrigated by tanks and canals, were the most productive. ‘Dry lands’ (panikalam) relied on rainfall and were less fertile. Land was also categorized based on ownership – royal lands, lands granted to temples, and lands held by individuals (mirasu lands).
Land Revenue System
The Vijayanagar land revenue system was relatively well-organized. Revenue was primarily collected in kind, with a portion of the harvest being remitted to the state. Amuktamalyada, written by Krishnadevaraya, provides insights into the meticulous land surveys conducted to assess productivity. The rate of land revenue varied depending on the soil fertility and irrigation facilities. Abdur Razzaq, a Persian ambassador, noted the efficient collection process and the relatively moderate land tax compared to other contemporary kingdoms. However, there were instances of forced labor (visti) levied on peasants for specific projects, which could be burdensome.
Crop Patterns
Rice was the staple crop, particularly in the irrigated areas. Other important crops included pulses, millets, sugarcane, cotton, and spices like pepper and cardamom. The empire also witnessed the cultivation of horticultural crops like mangoes, bananas, and betel leaves. Nuniz, a Portuguese traveler, described the abundance of agricultural produce and the thriving trade in agricultural commodities. Cotton cultivation was particularly significant, providing raw material for the textile industry, a major source of revenue for the empire.
Irrigation Systems: Tanks and Canals
The Vijayanagar rulers invested heavily in irrigation infrastructure. The most prominent feature was the construction of numerous tanks (kattes) and canals. These tanks served as reservoirs, storing rainwater for use during the dry season. The empire is credited with building sophisticated canal systems to divert water from rivers to agricultural fields. The Raya Gopi tank near Hospet and the numerous tanks around Hampi are testament to their engineering prowess. These irrigation works were often funded by the state and maintained by local communities through collective labor (udayari).
Types of Irrigation Works
| Type of Irrigation | Description | Source Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| Tanks (Kattes) | Earthen or stone embankments built across streams to store rainwater. | Archaeological evidence at Hampi, accounts of Nuniz |
| Canals | Channels diverting water from rivers to fields. | Amuktamalyada, Abdur Razzaq’s account |
| Wells | Private wells used for localized irrigation. | Inferred from land revenue records |
Agricultural Technology and Tools
Agricultural technology during the Vijayanagar period was relatively simple. Wooden ploughs were commonly used, often with iron tips. Bullocks were the primary draught animals. Manure was used as fertilizer, and crop rotation was practiced to maintain soil fertility. Water-lifting devices like the charka (Persian wheel) were employed to raise water from wells and tanks. The empire also encouraged the use of improved seeds and agricultural techniques.
Impact and Limitations
The sophisticated agricultural and irrigation systems of the Vijayanagar Empire contributed significantly to its economic prosperity and political stability. The surplus agricultural production supported a large population, funded the empire’s military campaigns, and facilitated trade. However, the system was not without its limitations. The reliance on rainfall made agriculture vulnerable to droughts. The concentration of land ownership in the hands of a few could lead to social inequalities. The maintenance of irrigation infrastructure required constant attention and investment.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Vijayanagar kingdom possessed a well-developed agricultural and irrigation system, evidenced by contemporary sources like Amuktamalyada and accounts of foreign travelers. The emphasis on tank construction, canal networks, and efficient land revenue administration fostered agricultural prosperity. While limitations existed, the empire’s commitment to water management and agricultural innovation played a crucial role in its economic strength and longevity. The legacy of these systems continues to influence agricultural practices in parts of South India today.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.