Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
India’s foreign policy, initially anchored in the principles of Non-Alignment during the Cold War, has undergone significant transformations since independence. Driven by evolving geopolitical realities, domestic economic reforms, and changing strategic priorities, India’s approach to international relations has become increasingly pragmatic and multi-faceted. The end of the Cold War, the rise of China, economic liberalization in India, and the emergence of new security challenges like terrorism have all contributed to these shifts. This has resulted in a move from ideological positioning to a focus on national interests and strategic partnerships.
Early Phase: Non-Alignment (1947-1991)
India’s initial foreign policy was characterized by Non-Alignment, aiming to maintain independence from the two superpowers. This involved resisting joining military alliances and advocating for peaceful coexistence. Key features included:
- Focus on anti-colonialism and supporting liberation movements.
- Strong relationships with the Soviet Union, particularly in defense.
- Emphasis on South-South cooperation.
Post-Cold War Pragmatism (1991-2008)
The collapse of the Soviet Union and India’s economic liberalization in 1991 led to a significant shift. India adopted a more pragmatic approach, prioritizing economic growth and strategic partnerships.
- Look East Policy (1991): Focused on strengthening ties with Southeast Asian nations.
- Improved relations with the US: Marked by increased economic cooperation and strategic dialogue.
- Nuclear tests (1998): Demonstrated India’s growing strategic assertiveness, despite international sanctions.
Strategic Autonomy and Rising Power (2008-2014)
This period saw India asserting itself as a regional and global power, emphasizing strategic autonomy while engaging with major powers.
- Civil Nuclear Agreement with the US (2008): A landmark agreement that ended decades of nuclear isolation.
- Increased engagement with Africa and Latin America.
- Focus on maritime security and strengthening naval capabilities.
Contemporary Trends (2014-Present)
Under the Modi government, India’s foreign policy has become more proactive and focused on national security and economic interests.
- Neighborhood First Policy: Prioritizing relations with neighboring countries.
- Act East Policy 2.0: Enhanced focus on connectivity and economic integration with Southeast Asia.
- Strategic Partnership with the US, Japan, and Australia (Quad): Responding to China’s growing influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
- Emphasis on diaspora engagement: Leveraging the Indian diaspora for economic and diplomatic gains.
| Phase | Key Characteristics | Driving Factors |
|---|---|---|
| Non-Alignment | Independence from superpowers, anti-colonialism | Cold War dynamics, Nehruvian ideology |
| Post-Cold War Pragmatism | Economic liberalization, strategic partnerships | Collapse of USSR, economic reforms |
| Strategic Autonomy | Assertive foreign policy, nuclear capability | Rising economic power, changing global order |
| Contemporary Trends | Proactive diplomacy, national security focus | China’s rise, regional instability |
Conclusion
India’s foreign policy has evolved considerably, reflecting its changing domestic circumstances and the shifting global landscape. From the initial idealism of Non-Alignment to the pragmatic pursuit of national interests today, India’s approach has become more nuanced and assertive. The current emphasis on strategic autonomy, coupled with proactive engagement with major powers, suggests a continued trajectory of adapting to a multipolar world while safeguarding its core values and interests. Maintaining a balance between great power competition and regional stability will be crucial for India’s future foreign policy.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.