Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Indian federalism, though enshrined in the Constitution, has often been characterized by a degree of centralism. While the constitutional framework outlines a clear division of powers between the Union and the States, the actual practice has witnessed a significant tilt towards the Centre. The statement posits that this isn’t inherent to the institutional design of federalism itself, but rather a consequence of the nation’s adoption of socialist goals and the centrally planned development model pursued post-independence. This implies that the pursuit of equitable distribution and national objectives, through centralized mechanisms, inadvertently fostered a centralized Union-State relationship.
Historical Context & Early Centralization
Immediately after independence, the framers of the Constitution, while adopting a federal structure, were mindful of maintaining national unity and integrity. The experience of partition and the presence of princely states necessitated a strong Centre. Article 356 (President’s Rule) and Article 352 (National Emergency) provided constitutional tools for central intervention in states, initially used frequently. However, the real impetus for centralization came with the adoption of a planned economy.
The Role of Planning & Centrally Sponsored Schemes
The establishment of the Planning Commission in 1950 marked a decisive shift towards centralized planning. The Five-Year Plans, while aiming for socio-economic development, were formulated and largely controlled by the Centre. States were expected to implement these plans, leading to a dependence on central funding and directives.
- Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS): These schemes, introduced in the 1970s and expanded over time, became a major instrument of central control. States relied heavily on central funds for these schemes, giving the Centre significant leverage.
- Financial Dependence: The Centre controlled the majority of tax revenues, with states relying on tax devolution and grants-in-aid. This financial asymmetry further strengthened the Centre’s position.
- National Development Council (NDC): Established in 1952, the NDC, headed by the Prime Minister, served as a platform for coordinating development efforts, but effectively centralized decision-making.
Constitutional Provisions & Their Limitations
While the Constitution provides for a federal structure with defined powers for both the Union and States, several factors limited its effective implementation.
| Constitutional Provision | Limitation/Centralizing Factor |
|---|---|
| List III (Concurrent List) | Overlapping jurisdiction allowed the Centre to legislate on subjects also within state competence. |
| Article 356 (President’s Rule) | Frequent use in the early decades demonstrated the Centre’s willingness to intervene in state affairs. (Used 94 times between 1950-1987) |
| Finance Commission | While recommending tax devolution, the Centre retained significant discretion in accepting its recommendations. |
The socialist goals, emphasizing equitable distribution and poverty alleviation, were often pursued through centrally directed programs, justifying increased central control. The rationale was that the Centre was better equipped to address national priorities and ensure uniform standards across the country.
Recent Trends & Shift Towards Cooperative Federalism
The dismantling of the Planning Commission in 2014 and its replacement with NITI Aayog signaled a shift towards a more cooperative federalism. NITI Aayog emphasizes bottom-up planning and greater state participation in policy formulation. The implementation of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in 2017, despite initial challenges, represents a significant step towards fiscal federalism. However, concerns regarding central control over GST revenue and the continued reliance of states on central funds persist.
Conclusion
The statement that centralism in Indian federalism stems more from socialist goals and centrally devised planning than the institutional framework holds considerable merit. While the Constitution provides for a federal structure, the pursuit of national objectives through centralized mechanisms, particularly during the era of planned development, undeniably strengthened the Centre’s position. Although recent trends indicate a move towards cooperative federalism, the legacy of central control and financial dependence continues to shape the Union-State relationship. A truly federal India requires a more equitable distribution of power and resources, fostering greater autonomy and self-reliance among the states.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.