Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The term ‘Other Backward Classes’ (OBCs) refers to a collective of castes and communities, other than Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs), who are considered educationally and socially disadvantaged. Historically marginalized due to the caste system, OBCs constitute a significant portion of the Indian population. The recognition of OBCs and the implementation of reservation policies for them have been pivotal in addressing social inequalities and promoting inclusive growth. The issue gained prominence with the implementation of the Mandal Commission recommendations in 1990, sparking a national debate on social justice and affirmative action.
Historical Context & Identification
Prior to independence, the socio-economic conditions of many castes were characterized by systemic discrimination and limited access to resources. While some communities enjoyed relative privilege, others faced significant disadvantages. Post-independence, the Constitution of India (Article 15(4) and 16(4)) allowed the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes. However, identifying these classes proved challenging.
The Mandal Commission (1979-1980)
The Mandal Commission, headed by B.P. Mandal, was established to determine the criteria for identifying OBCs and to recommend appropriate measures for their advancement. The Commission identified 1180 castes as OBCs, representing approximately 52% of the Indian population (as per 1980 census). It recommended 27% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions for OBCs.
Implementation & Judicial Interventions
The implementation of the Mandal Commission recommendations in 1990 led to widespread protests. The Supreme Court, in the Indra Sawhney v. Union of India (1992) case, upheld the 27% reservation for OBCs but introduced the concept of the ‘creamy layer’ – excluding economically advanced sections within OBCs from reservation benefits. This ensured that reservation benefits reached the most deserving within the OBC category.
Sub-Categorization within OBCs
Recognizing the uneven distribution of benefits within OBCs, the government has undertaken efforts to sub-categorize them. The Rohini Commission (2005) was appointed to examine the extent of inequity in the distribution of benefits among OBCs and to recommend measures for their more equitable distribution. The commission submitted its report in 2018, identifying ‘more backward classes’ within the OBCs and recommending reservation within the 27% quota.
Contemporary Challenges
- Implementation of Sub-Categorization: The implementation of the Rohini Commission recommendations has been slow due to political and legal challenges.
- Creamy Layer Criteria: The definition and application of the creamy layer criteria remain contentious, leading to disputes and litigation.
- Socio-Economic Disparities: Despite reservation policies, significant socio-economic disparities persist among OBCs, particularly in rural areas.
- Political Representation: While OBCs have gained political representation, their influence in decision-making processes remains limited in some areas.
Recent Developments
In January 2024, the government approved a constitutional amendment to allow states to identify and classify OBCs, addressing concerns about the central list being insufficient. This move aims to empower states to tailor OBC policies to their specific needs and demographics. The 107th Constitutional Amendment Bill, 2024, was passed to this effect.
| Commission/Judgement | Key Outcome |
|---|---|
| Mandal Commission (1980) | Identification of 1180 OBCs & recommendation of 27% reservation |
| Indra Sawhney (1992) | Upholding of 27% reservation with ‘creamy layer’ exclusion |
| Rohini Commission (2018) | Identification of ‘more backward classes’ within OBCs & recommendation for sub-categorization |
Conclusion
The recognition and empowerment of OBCs have been crucial steps towards achieving social justice in India. While reservation policies have played a significant role in improving their socio-economic status, challenges remain in ensuring equitable distribution of benefits and addressing persistent disparities. Effective implementation of sub-categorization, a nuanced application of the creamy layer criteria, and sustained efforts to improve access to education and employment are essential for realizing the full potential of OBCs and building a more inclusive society. The recent constitutional amendment empowering states is a positive step in this direction.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.