Sex ratio, defined as the number of females per 1,000 males, is a crucial demographic indicator reflecting the societal preference for a particular sex. Globally, the natural sex ratio at birth is approximately 1050 females per 1,000 males. However, in many societies, including India, this ratio is skewed in favor of males due to a complex interplay of socio-cultural and economic factors. The declining sex ratio in India, particularly in certain states, has raised serious concerns about gender equality and social justice, prompting various governmental interventions. According to the latest data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21), India’s sex ratio at birth is 952 females per 1,000 males. Understanding Sex Ratio and its Measurement Sex ratio is typically calculated at birth, but can also be measured for different age groups. The sex ratio at birth is particularly important as it reflects the immediate outcome of sex selection practices. It’s important to distinguish between sex ratio at birth and overall sex ratio, which is affected by mortality rates at different ages. Historical Trends and Regional Variations in India Historically, India had a relatively balanced sex ratio. However, with advancements in medical technology, particularly the availability of sex-determination tests, the sex ratio began to decline sharply in the 1980s and 1990s. Regional Disparities: States like Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan consistently exhibit the lowest sex ratios, indicating a strong preference for male children. Conversely, states in the South, like Kerala and Tamil Nadu, generally have more balanced sex ratios. Census Data: The 2011 Census of India reported an overall sex ratio of 943 females per 1,000 males, a decline from 972 in 2001. Determinants of Declining Sex Ratio Several factors contribute to the skewed sex ratio in India: Son Preference: Deep-rooted patriarchal norms and cultural preferences for sons, often linked to inheritance, lineage, and social status. Dowry System: The practice of dowry, prevalent in many parts of India, increases the economic burden associated with raising daughters. Sex-Selective Abortion: The illegal but widespread practice of sex-selective abortion, facilitated by readily available ultrasound facilities. Female Foeticide and Infanticide: Though declining, these practices still occur in some regions due to extreme son preference. Access to Technology: Increased access to ultrasound and other prenatal diagnostic techniques. Socio-Economic Consequences of a Skewed Sex Ratio A declining sex ratio has far-reaching consequences: Demographic Imbalance: A shortage of women can lead to a surplus of men, potentially increasing social unrest and crime rates. Social Impact: Increased instances of trafficking, forced marriage, and violence against women. Economic Impact: Reduced labor force participation of women and hindered economic growth. Marriage Squeeze: Difficulty for men to find suitable partners, leading to social instability. Government Initiatives and Legal Framework The Indian government has implemented several measures to address the declining sex ratio: Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994: This Act prohibits sex selection and regulates prenatal diagnostic techniques. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme (2015): A national campaign aimed at preventing female foeticide and promoting the education of girls. National Mission for Empowerment of Women: Focuses on improving the status of women through various schemes and programs. Awareness Campaigns: Government-led campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of gender equality and the harmful effects of sex selection. Act/Scheme Year Key Features PCPNDT Act 1994 Prohibits sex selection, regulates prenatal diagnostic techniques, establishes penalties for violations. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao 2015 Multi-sectoral initiative focusing on preventing female foeticide, ensuring girls' education, and empowering women. The skewed sex ratio in India remains a significant challenge, reflecting deep-seated societal biases and the misuse of technology. While legal frameworks like the PCPNDT Act and initiatives like BBBP are crucial, sustained efforts are needed to address the underlying socio-cultural factors driving son preference. Promoting gender equality, empowering women through education and economic opportunities, and fostering a change in societal attitudes are essential for achieving a balanced sex ratio and ensuring a just and equitable society. Continuous monitoring, stricter enforcement of laws, and community participation are vital for long-term success.

Sex Ratio in India | UPSC Mains SOCIOLOGY-PAPER-II 2013

Sex Ratio.

How to Approach

This question requires a comprehensive understanding of the concept of sex ratio, its measurement, determinants, consequences, and government interventions. The answer should define sex ratio, discuss its historical trends in India, analyze the factors contributing to its decline (skewed sex ratio), and highlight the socio-economic implications. A structured approach covering demographic aspects, societal factors, and policy responses is crucial. Focus on recent data and government initiatives.

Sex ratio, defined as the number of females per 1,000 males, is a crucial demographic indicator reflecting the societal preference for a particular sex. Globally, the natural sex ratio at birth is approximately 1050 females per 1,000 males. However, in many societies, including India, this ratio is skewed in favor of males due to a complex interplay of socio-cultural and economic factors. The declining sex ratio in India, particularly in certain states, has raised serious concerns about gender equality and social justice, prompting various governmental interventions. According to the latest data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21), India’s sex ratio at birth is 952 females per 1,000 males.

Understanding Sex Ratio and its Measurement

Sex ratio is typically calculated at birth, but can also be measured for different age groups. The sex ratio at birth is particularly important as it reflects the immediate outcome of sex selection practices. It’s important to distinguish between sex ratio at birth and overall sex ratio, which is affected by mortality rates at different ages.

Historical Trends and Regional Variations in India

Historically, India had a relatively balanced sex ratio. However, with advancements in medical technology, particularly the availability of sex-determination tests, the sex ratio began to decline sharply in the 1980s and 1990s.

Regional Disparities: States like Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan consistently exhibit the lowest sex ratios, indicating a strong preference for male children. Conversely, states in the South, like Kerala and Tamil Nadu, generally have more balanced sex ratios.
Census Data: The 2011 Census of India reported an overall sex ratio of 943 females per 1,000 males, a decline from 972 in 2001.

Determinants of Declining Sex Ratio

Several factors contribute to the skewed sex ratio in India:

Son Preference: Deep-rooted patriarchal norms and cultural preferences for sons, often linked to inheritance, lineage, and social status.
Dowry System: The practice of dowry, prevalent in many parts of India, increases the economic burden associated with raising daughters.
Sex-Selective Abortion: The illegal but widespread practice of sex-selective abortion, facilitated by readily available ultrasound facilities.
Female Foeticide and Infanticide: Though declining, these practices still occur in some regions due to extreme son preference.
Access to Technology: Increased access to ultrasound and other prenatal diagnostic techniques.

Socio-Economic Consequences of a Skewed Sex Ratio

A declining sex ratio has far-reaching consequences:

Demographic Imbalance: A shortage of women can lead to a surplus of men, potentially increasing social unrest and crime rates.
Social Impact: Increased instances of trafficking, forced marriage, and violence against women.
Economic Impact: Reduced labor force participation of women and hindered economic growth.
Marriage Squeeze: Difficulty for men to find suitable partners, leading to social instability.

Government Initiatives and Legal Framework

The Indian government has implemented several measures to address the declining sex ratio:

Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994: This Act prohibits sex selection and regulates prenatal diagnostic techniques.
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme (2015): A national campaign aimed at preventing female foeticide and promoting the education of girls.
National Mission for Empowerment of Women: Focuses on improving the status of women through various schemes and programs.
Awareness Campaigns: Government-led campaigns to raise awareness about the importance of gender equality and the harmful effects of sex selection.

Act/Scheme	Year	Key Features
PCPNDT Act	1994	Prohibits sex selection, regulates prenatal diagnostic techniques, establishes penalties for violations.
Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao	2015	Multi-sectoral initiative focusing on preventing female foeticide, ensuring girls' education, and empowering women.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB)

The number of female births per 1,000 male births. It is a key indicator of sex preference and sex selection practices.

Female Foeticide

The intentional termination of a pregnancy based on the sex of the fetus, typically when the fetus is female.

Key Statistics

India’s sex ratio at birth (2019-21) is 952 females per 1,000 males.

Source: National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5)

According to UN estimates, India accounts for a significant proportion of the estimated 126 million missing females globally.

Source: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) - Knowledge cutoff date applies

Examples

Haryana's Low Sex Ratio

Haryana consistently has one of the lowest sex ratios in India, often below 900 females per 1,000 males, demonstrating a strong preference for sons and widespread sex-selective practices.

Frequently Asked Questions

▶Why is the natural sex ratio at birth not 50:50?

The natural sex ratio at birth is slightly higher for males (around 1050:1000) due to biological factors, including slightly higher male fetal mortality rates.