UPSC MainsENGLISH-COMPULSORY20145 Marks
Q25.

he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.

How to Approach

This question tests basic English grammar and sentence construction. The core issue is identifying and correcting a run-on sentence. The approach should involve recognizing the two independent clauses, understanding the relationship between them (cause and effect), and using appropriate conjunctions or punctuation to connect them correctly. The answer should demonstrate a clear understanding of sentence structure and the proper use of coordinating conjunctions and semicolons.

Model Answer

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Introduction

Effective communication relies heavily on grammatically correct sentence structure. Run-on sentences, where independent clauses are joined incorrectly, can obscure meaning and hinder comprehension. The given sentence, "he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off," exemplifies this issue. It presents two complete thoughts without proper connection. Correcting such sentences requires understanding the relationship between the clauses and employing appropriate grammatical tools to establish clarity and flow. This response will analyze the sentence and provide several grammatically sound alternatives.

Identifying the Error

The original sentence contains two independent clauses: "he had not paid his bill" and "his electricity was cut off." These clauses are incorrectly joined only by a comma, creating a comma splice – a common type of run-on sentence. The relationship between the clauses is one of cause and effect: the failure to pay the bill resulted in the electricity being cut off.

Correcting the Sentence

There are several ways to correct this sentence, each with slightly different nuances:

1. Using a Coordinating Conjunction

Coordinating conjunctions (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) can connect independent clauses when preceded by a comma. In this case, "so" is the most appropriate conjunction:

  • Corrected Sentence: He had not paid his bill, so his electricity was cut off.

2. Using a Semicolon

A semicolon can connect two closely related independent clauses without a conjunction:

  • Corrected Sentence: He had not paid his bill; his electricity was cut off.

3. Making Two Separate Sentences

The two clauses can be separated into two distinct sentences:

  • Corrected Sentence: He had not paid his bill. His electricity was cut off.

4. Using a Subordinating Conjunction

A subordinating conjunction (because, since, as, although, etc.) can create a complex sentence, showing the relationship between the clauses more explicitly:

  • Corrected Sentence: Because he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.
  • Corrected Sentence: As he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off.

Analyzing the Options

Each correction is grammatically valid. The choice depends on the desired emphasis and flow. Using "so" is concise and directly indicates the cause-and-effect relationship. A semicolon provides a stronger connection between the clauses than separate sentences. Subordinating conjunctions offer the most explicit explanation of the relationship, but can make the sentence slightly longer.

Correction Method Corrected Sentence Emphasis
Coordinating Conjunction ("so") He had not paid his bill, so his electricity was cut off. Concise, direct cause-and-effect
Semicolon He had not paid his bill; his electricity was cut off. Strong connection between related ideas
Separate Sentences He had not paid his bill. His electricity was cut off. Clear separation of ideas
Subordinating Conjunction ("because") Because he had not paid his bill, his electricity was cut off. Explicit cause-and-effect explanation

Conclusion

In conclusion, the original sentence is a run-on sentence due to a comma splice. Several corrections are possible, including using a coordinating conjunction ("so"), a semicolon, creating separate sentences, or employing a subordinating conjunction. The most appropriate correction depends on the desired stylistic effect and the level of emphasis on the cause-and-effect relationship. Demonstrating a grasp of these grammatical principles is crucial for clear and effective written communication.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Independent Clause
A group of words that contains a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Comma Splice
A grammatical error that occurs when two independent clauses are joined only by a comma.

Key Statistics

Approximately 20% of adults in the United States struggle with basic literacy skills, impacting their ability to correctly construct sentences (National Center for Education Statistics, 2019).

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 2019

Studies show that clear and concise writing increases workplace productivity by up to 19% (Grammarly, 2023).

Source: Grammarly, 2023

Examples

Incorrect Sentence

The dog barked loudly, the mail carrier ran away. (Comma Splice)

Corrected Sentence

The dog barked loudly, and the mail carrier ran away. (Using a coordinating conjunction)

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a comma and a semicolon?

A comma connects related ideas within a sentence, while a semicolon connects two closely related independent clauses. A semicolon indicates a stronger pause than a comma.

Topics Covered

Language SkillsGrammarPunctuationSentence StructureGrammatical Accuracy