UPSC MainsENGLISH-COMPULSORY20145 Marks
Q24.

Invalids are not capable continued exertion.

How to Approach

This question tests basic English grammar and sentence construction. The approach should involve identifying the grammatical errors in the given sentence and then correcting them to form a grammatically sound and meaningful sentence. Focus on subject-verb agreement, correct tense usage, and appropriate word choice. The answer should present the corrected sentence and briefly explain the errors and corrections made. A clear and concise explanation is key.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The provided sentence, "Invalids are not capable continued exertion," contains several grammatical inaccuracies that hinder its clarity and correctness. Effective communication relies on precise language, and even seemingly minor errors can alter the intended meaning. This response will identify these errors, provide a corrected version of the sentence, and explain the rationale behind the changes, demonstrating an understanding of fundamental English grammar principles. The sentence suffers from issues related to verb tense, adjective usage, and overall sentence structure.

Identifying the Errors

The original sentence presents several grammatical challenges:

  • Incorrect Verb Form: "are capable continued exertion" is grammatically flawed. "Capable" requires a preposition to link it to the noun "exertion."
  • Missing Preposition: The preposition "of" is missing before "continued exertion."
  • Adjective vs. Noun: "Continued" functions as an adjective modifying "exertion," and the sentence structure doesn't reflect this correctly.

Corrected Sentence

The grammatically correct sentence is: "Invalids are not capable of continued exertion."

Detailed Explanation of Corrections

The corrections were made based on the following principles:

  • Preposition "of": The preposition "of" was inserted after "capable" to establish the correct relationship between the adjective and the noun phrase. "Capable of" is the standard construction.
  • Adjective Usage: "Continued" correctly modifies "exertion" as an adjective, describing the nature of the exertion.
  • Subject-Verb Agreement: The verb "are" correctly agrees with the plural subject "Invalids."

Alternative Corrected Sentences (with slight nuance)

While the above is the most direct correction, other options exist, depending on the desired nuance:

  • "Invalids are not capable of sustaining exertion." – This emphasizes the ability to *maintain* effort.
  • "Invalids are incapable of continued exertion." – Using "incapable" directly conveys the lack of ability, making it slightly more concise.

Grammatical Rules Illustrated

This correction demonstrates several key grammatical rules:

  • Adjective-Noun Relationship: Adjectives modify nouns, and the correct prepositional phrase ("of continued exertion") clarifies this relationship.
  • Verb-Preposition Collocations: Certain verbs require specific prepositions (e.g., "capable of," "responsible for").
  • Sentence Structure: A clear and concise sentence structure enhances readability and understanding.

Furthermore, the use of the adjective "continued" highlights the importance of descriptive language in conveying precise meaning. The sentence now accurately conveys the idea that invalids lack the ability to maintain physical or mental effort.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the original sentence suffered from grammatical errors related to preposition usage and sentence structure. By inserting the preposition "of" and ensuring correct adjective placement, the sentence was corrected to "Invalids are not capable of continued exertion." This demonstrates the importance of adhering to fundamental grammatical principles for clear and effective communication. Understanding these principles is crucial for precise expression and avoiding ambiguity.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Invalid
A person who is weakened or disabled by illness or injury.
Exertion
Physical or mental effort.

Key Statistics

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 15% of the global population lives with some form of disability (as of 2023).

Source: World Health Organization (WHO)

A study by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in the US found that around 26.6% of adults have some type of disability (2022).

Source: National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)

Examples

Post-Surgical Recovery

A patient recovering from major surgery might be described as an invalid, temporarily incapable of continued exertion due to pain and weakness.

Chronic Illness

Individuals with chronic illnesses like arthritis or fibromyalgia may experience periods where they are not capable of continued exertion due to pain and fatigue.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between "capable" and "incapable"?

"Capable" means having the ability to do something, while "incapable" means lacking that ability. Using "incapable" often makes the sentence more concise.

Topics Covered

Language SkillsGrammarAdjectivesSentence StructureGrammatical Accuracy