UPSC MainsGENERAL-STUDIES-PAPER-IV201420 Marks250 Words
Q14.

Ethical Dilemma: Small Favors & Corruption (4)

Suppose one of your close friends, who is also aspiring for civil services, comes to you for discussing some of the issues related to ethical conduct in public service. He raises the following points: It is understandable that we should not get involved in grossly unethical practices, but giving and accepting small gratifications and doing small favours increases everybody's motivation. It also makes the system more efficient. What is wrong in adopting such practices?

How to Approach

This question tests the candidate’s understanding of ethical dilemmas in public service and their ability to apply ethical principles to real-world scenarios. The approach should involve acknowledging the friend’s perspective, then systematically dismantling it by highlighting the corrosive effects of such practices on integrity, efficiency, and public trust. The answer should emphasize the long-term consequences and the importance of upholding ethical standards even in the face of perceived practical benefits. A structure of acknowledging the argument, refuting it with ethical principles, and providing examples would be effective.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The pursuit of civil services demands not only intellectual capability but also unwavering ethical conduct. Often, aspiring candidates grapple with the complexities of navigating a system where compromises on ethics are presented as pragmatic necessities. The notion that ‘small gratifications’ and ‘small favours’ can enhance motivation and efficiency is a dangerous rationalization that undermines the very foundation of public service. This argument, while seemingly appealing, overlooks the fundamental principles of integrity, accountability, and the rule of law, which are crucial for a just and effective governance system.

Deconstructing the Argument

The argument presented by your friend rests on two primary assumptions: that small gratifications increase motivation and that they enhance efficiency. Both are fundamentally flawed. While short-term motivation might be boosted, it fosters a culture of dependency and entitlement, eroding intrinsic motivation based on professional ethics and public service. Furthermore, such practices create a slippery slope, escalating demands and ultimately leading to larger, more damaging forms of corruption.

Ethical Principles at Stake

Several core ethical principles are violated by adopting such practices:

  • Integrity: Accepting or giving gratifications compromises the impartiality and objectivity expected of public servants.
  • Accountability: Such favours create hidden obligations and undermine transparency, making it difficult to hold officials accountable for their actions.
  • Rule of Law: These practices circumvent established procedures and regulations, weakening the rule of law.
  • Public Trust: Even the perception of unethical conduct erodes public trust in the government and its institutions.
  • Impartiality & Non-partisanship: Accepting favours can create bias in decision-making.

The Illusion of Efficiency

The claim that such practices increase efficiency is also misleading. While a small favour might expedite a process in the short term, it creates systemic inefficiencies in the long run. It distorts resource allocation, favours those who can offer gratifications, and discourages honest competition. A truly efficient system is built on transparency, fairness, and adherence to established procedures, not on informal networks of obligation.

Real-World Consequences & Examples

History is replete with examples of how seemingly minor compromises on ethics can lead to widespread corruption and systemic failures.

  • The 2G Spectrum Scam (2010): While involving large-scale corruption, the roots lay in a culture of favouritism and disregard for established procedures.
  • Vyapam Scam (Madhya Pradesh): Small bribes and favours facilitated a massive admission and recruitment scam, demonstrating the corrosive effect of unchecked corruption.
  • Commonwealth Games Scam (2010): Minor irregularities escalated into a major financial scandal due to a lack of ethical oversight.

Legal and Institutional Framework

India has a robust legal and institutional framework to combat corruption and promote ethical conduct in public service:

Act/Institution Key Provisions
Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 Defines offences related to bribery and corruption; provides for penalties.
Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) Investigates allegations of corruption against public servants.
Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 Establishes an independent body to investigate allegations of corruption against public functionaries.
Right to Information Act, 2005 Promotes transparency and accountability in governance.

These mechanisms are designed to deter unethical behaviour and ensure that public servants are held accountable for their actions. Bypassing these systems through ‘small favours’ undermines their effectiveness.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the argument for accepting ‘small gratifications’ and doing ‘small favours’ is a dangerous fallacy. While it may appear to offer short-term benefits, it ultimately erodes the foundations of ethical governance, fosters corruption, and undermines public trust. Aspiring civil servants must uphold the highest standards of integrity, even in the face of pressure or perceived practical advantages. A commitment to ethical conduct is not merely a moral imperative; it is essential for building a just, efficient, and sustainable governance system.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Conflict of Interest
A situation in which a public official's personal interests (financial, familial, etc.) could compromise their objectivity and impartiality in performing their duties.
Nepotism
The practice of showing favouritism to relatives or friends, especially by giving them jobs, regardless of their qualifications.

Key Statistics

According to Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index 2023, India ranked 93 out of 180 countries, indicating a significant level of perceived corruption.

Source: Transparency International (2023)

A 2019 study by the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) found that 31% of MPs facing criminal charges were re-elected in the 2019 Lok Sabha elections.

Source: Association for Democratic Reforms (2019)

Examples

The Jessica Lal Case (1999)

This case highlighted how political influence and corruption could obstruct justice, demonstrating the consequences of compromising ethical principles.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is it ever acceptable to bend the rules for a good cause?

While intentions may be noble, bending the rules, even for a perceived good cause, sets a dangerous precedent and undermines the rule of law. Ethical decision-making requires adherence to principles, even when faced with difficult choices.

Topics Covered

EthicsPublic AdministrationGovernanceIntegrityAccountabilityTransparencyMoral Compromise