UPSC MainsGENERAL-STUDIES-PAPER-IV201410 Marks150 Words
Q2.

What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more important in public administration?

How to Approach

This question requires a nuanced understanding of ethics and its specific relevance to public administration. The approach should begin by defining ethics and outlining its core principles – promoting well-being, justice, and moral character. Then, it should explain why these principles are *especially* crucial in public administration, focusing on concepts like accountability, transparency, and the potential for abuse of power. Structure the answer by first defining ethics, then detailing its promotion of human life, and finally, elaborating on its importance in public administration with examples.

Model Answer

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Introduction

Ethics, at its core, is a moral philosophy dealing with principles governing conduct. It seeks to establish standards of right and wrong, guiding individuals towards virtuous actions and a fulfilling life. Rooted in values like honesty, integrity, and compassion, ethics aims to foster a society where individuals flourish and relationships are built on trust. In the context of increasing concerns regarding corruption and declining public trust in institutions (Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index consistently highlights challenges globally), the role of ethics in public administration has become paramount. This answer will explore what ethics seeks to promote in human life and why its application is particularly vital within the realm of public service.

What Ethics Seeks to Promote in Human Life

Ethics strives to promote several key aspects of human life:

  • Well-being: Ethics encourages actions that maximize happiness, minimize suffering, and promote overall flourishing for individuals and communities. This includes considerations for physical, mental, and emotional health.
  • Justice and Fairness: Ethical frameworks emphasize equitable treatment, impartiality, and the protection of rights. This involves ensuring that resources and opportunities are distributed fairly and that everyone is treated with respect.
  • Moral Character: Ethics fosters the development of virtues like honesty, courage, compassion, and responsibility. Cultivating a strong moral character enables individuals to make sound judgments and act in accordance with their values.
  • Social Harmony: By establishing shared principles of conduct, ethics promotes cooperation, trust, and peaceful coexistence within society.
  • Personal Fulfillment: Living an ethical life is often associated with a sense of purpose, meaning, and inner peace.

Importance of Ethics in Public Administration

The importance of ethics is amplified in public administration due to the unique responsibilities and potential for impact that public officials hold. Here’s why:

  • Public Trust: Public administration relies heavily on the trust of citizens. Ethical conduct builds and maintains this trust, ensuring that citizens believe their government is acting in their best interests.
  • Accountability and Transparency: Ethical public servants are accountable for their actions and operate with transparency, allowing citizens to scrutinize their decisions and hold them responsible. The Right to Information (RTI) Act, 2005, is a crucial tool for promoting transparency.
  • Prevention of Corruption: Ethical principles serve as a strong deterrent against corruption, which undermines public resources, distorts policy, and erodes public trust. The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988, provides a legal framework to combat corruption.
  • Impartiality and Fairness: Public officials must make decisions based on merit and the public good, not on personal biases or political considerations.
  • Effective Governance: Ethical leadership fosters a culture of integrity and professionalism within the public service, leading to more effective and efficient governance.

Examples Illustrating the Importance

Consider the following scenarios:

  • The 2G Spectrum Scam (2010): This case highlighted the devastating consequences of unethical behavior in public administration, leading to massive financial losses for the government and eroding public trust.
  • The role of the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC): Established in 1964, the CVC plays a crucial role in promoting integrity and preventing corruption in government.
  • E-governance initiatives: Digital platforms like DigiLocker and Aadhaar, while offering efficiency, raise ethical concerns regarding data privacy and security, necessitating robust ethical frameworks.

Ethical Dilemmas in Public Administration

Public administrators often face complex ethical dilemmas. For example, balancing the need for confidentiality with the public's right to know, or prioritizing competing interests when allocating scarce resources. The Second Administrative Reforms Commission (2008) emphasized the need for a strong ethical framework to guide public servants in navigating these challenges.

Ethical Principle Application in Public Administration
Integrity Avoiding conflicts of interest, upholding the law, and being honest in all dealings.
Objectivity Making decisions based on facts and evidence, not personal biases.
Accountability Taking responsibility for one's actions and being transparent about decision-making processes.
Confidentiality Protecting sensitive information and respecting privacy.

Conclusion

In conclusion, ethics is fundamental to promoting a flourishing human life by fostering well-being, justice, and moral character. Its importance is magnified in public administration, where ethical conduct is essential for maintaining public trust, preventing corruption, and ensuring effective governance. Strengthening ethical frameworks, promoting ethical education for public servants, and fostering a culture of integrity are crucial steps towards building a more just and equitable society. A robust ethical foundation is not merely a desirable attribute of public administration; it is a prerequisite for its legitimacy and effectiveness.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Ethics
The moral principles governing a person’s behavior or the conducting of an activity. It is a branch of philosophy that deals with moral principles.
Conflict of Interest
A situation in which a public official's personal interests could improperly influence the performance of their official duties.

Key Statistics

India ranked 85 out of 180 countries in Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index 2023.

Source: Transparency International (2023)

According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the number of cases registered under the Prevention of Corruption Act increased by 28% between 2015 and 2019 (Knowledge cutoff 2024).

Source: NCRB Reports

Examples

The IAS Officer Durga Shakti Nagpal Case

In 2013, IAS officer Durga Shakti Nagpal was suspended after taking on the sand mafia in Uttar Pradesh. This case sparked a national debate about the challenges faced by honest officers and the importance of protecting them from political pressure.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the role of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas?

The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013, provides for the establishment of Lokpal at the Centre and Lokayuktas in the states to investigate allegations of corruption against public officials.

Topics Covered

EthicsPublic AdministrationGovernanceMoral PrinciplesAccountabilityTransparency