Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Corruption, defined as the abuse of entrusted power for private gain (Transparency International), is a pervasive issue hindering socio-economic development globally. While it’s often perceived as a consequence of poverty – desperation driving individuals to illicit means – the reality is far more complex. Numerous instances demonstrate that corruption thrives even amongst the wealthy and powerful, indicating deeper, more systemic causes. The recent controversies surrounding alleged irregularities in the awarding of contracts, even at the highest levels of government and business, underscore this point. This answer will explore the multifaceted causes of corruption, extending beyond economic hardship, and illustrate them with relevant examples.
Understanding the Root Causes of Corruption
Corruption isn’t solely a product of economic necessity; it’s a deeply ingrained issue stemming from a confluence of individual, systemic, and societal factors.
Individual Level Causes
- Greed and Materialism: The desire for wealth and power often overrides ethical considerations, leading individuals to engage in corrupt practices.
- Moral Weakness & Lack of Integrity: A deficiency in ethical values and a willingness to compromise principles contribute to corrupt behavior.
- Personal Circumstances: While not limited to poverty, personal debts or financial pressures can sometimes incentivize corruption.
Systemic Level Causes
- Weak Institutional Frameworks: Lack of transparency, accountability, and effective enforcement mechanisms create opportunities for corruption. The absence of robust checks and balances is a major contributor.
- Inefficient Bureaucracy: Complex and cumbersome bureaucratic procedures can encourage bribery and rent-seeking behavior.
- Political Interference: Political pressure on institutions and the lack of independence of regulatory bodies can foster corruption.
- Lack of Adequate Remuneration: Low salaries and poor working conditions in public service can make individuals more susceptible to bribery.
Societal Level Causes
- Culture of Impunity: When corrupt individuals are rarely punished, it creates a perception that corruption is acceptable.
- Social Norms & Values: In some societies, gift-giving or patronage networks are normalized, blurring the lines between legitimate practices and corruption.
- Lack of Public Awareness & Civic Engagement: A passive citizenry and limited public scrutiny can allow corruption to flourish.
Examples of Corruption Among the Affluent
The assertion that corruption isn’t limited to the poor is supported by numerous examples:
- The 2G Spectrum Scam (2010): This involved high-ranking government officials and telecom executives colluding to allocate 2G spectrum licenses at undervalued prices, resulting in a loss of approximately ₹1.76 lakh crore to the exchequer.
- The Panama Papers & Paradise Papers (2016 & 2017): These leaks revealed how wealthy individuals and corporations used offshore tax havens to hide their assets and evade taxes.
- The Nirav Modi Scam (2018): This involved a billionaire jeweller defrauding Punjab National Bank of over ₹14,500 crore through Letters of Undertaking (LoUs).
- Adani Group Allegations (2023): Hindenburg Research’s report alleged stock manipulation and accounting fraud by the Adani Group, impacting investor confidence and raising questions about corporate governance.
Corruption and Economic Inequality
While affluence doesn’t *cause* corruption, it can exacerbate it. Those with wealth and power have greater access to opportunities for illicit gain and can more effectively influence the system to their advantage. Furthermore, corruption often widens the gap between the rich and the poor, creating a vicious cycle of inequality and social unrest.
| Factor | Impact on Corruption |
|---|---|
| Poverty | Can drive individuals to petty corruption for survival. |
| Wealth & Power | Facilitates large-scale corruption through influence and access. |
| Weak Institutions | Creates opportunities for both petty and grand corruption. |
Conclusion
Corruption is a complex phenomenon with deep-rooted causes that extend far beyond economic hardship. While poverty can be a contributing factor, the prevalence of corruption among the affluent and powerful highlights the importance of addressing systemic issues such as weak institutions, lack of transparency, and a culture of impunity. Strengthening governance, promoting ethical values, and empowering citizens are crucial steps towards curbing corruption and fostering a more just and equitable society. A multi-pronged approach, focusing on prevention, detection, and punishment, is essential for effectively tackling this pervasive challenge.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.