UPSC MainsMANAGEMENT-PAPER-I201415 Marks
Q13.

What is Corporate Social Responsibility? Describe two CSR initiatives taken by organisations in the Indian context.

How to Approach

This question requires a definition of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) followed by a description of two CSR initiatives undertaken by organizations in India. The answer should demonstrate an understanding of the legal framework surrounding CSR in India (Companies Act, 2013) and provide concrete examples. Structure the answer by first defining CSR, then detailing each initiative separately, highlighting the organization involved, the initiative's objectives, implementation, and impact. Focus on initiatives that showcase diverse approaches to CSR.

Model Answer

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Introduction

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has evolved from being merely a philanthropic activity to an integral part of business strategy. It represents a company’s commitment to operate in an economically, socially, and environmentally sustainable manner while recognizing its responsibility to all stakeholders. The concept gained significant traction in India with the enactment of the Companies Act, 2013, which mandated CSR spending for certain profitable companies. This legislation has spurred a wave of CSR initiatives across various sectors, addressing pressing social and environmental challenges. This answer will define CSR and then detail two prominent CSR initiatives undertaken by Indian organizations.

What is Corporate Social Responsibility?

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a self-regulating business model that helps a company be socially accountable to itself, its stakeholders, and the public. It’s about a company’s commitment to operating in an ethical and sustainable manner, considering its impact on society and the environment. CSR can encompass a wide range of activities, including environmental protection, ethical labor practices, charitable donations, and community development.

CSR Initiative 1: Tata Steel’s Tribal Development Initiatives

Organization: Tata Steel

Initiative: Tata Steel has a long-standing commitment to the development of tribal communities surrounding its operations, particularly in Jharkhand and Odisha. This initiative isn’t a single project but a comprehensive, multi-faceted approach.

Objectives: The primary objectives include improving the livelihoods of tribal communities, enhancing their access to education and healthcare, preserving their cultural heritage, and promoting sustainable development.

Implementation: Tata Steel implements these initiatives through various programs:

  • Education: Establishing and supporting schools, providing scholarships, and promoting vocational training.
  • Healthcare: Operating hospitals and mobile health units, conducting health camps, and raising awareness about health issues.
  • Livelihood: Promoting agriculture, animal husbandry, and entrepreneurship through skill development and financial assistance.
  • Infrastructure: Developing infrastructure like roads, sanitation facilities, and drinking water sources.

Impact: The initiatives have demonstrably improved literacy rates, healthcare access, and economic opportunities for tribal communities. Tata Steel’s approach is often cited as a best practice in CSR, emphasizing long-term engagement and community participation. According to Tata Steel’s Sustainability Report (2022-23), over 2.5 million people have benefitted from their community development programs.

CSR Initiative 2: HDFC Bank’s Parivartan

Organization: HDFC Bank

Initiative: ‘Parivartan’ is HDFC Bank’s flagship CSR program, focusing on sustainable livelihood enhancement, skill development, and rural development.

Objectives: The core objectives of Parivartan are to empower marginalized communities, promote financial inclusion, and contribute to holistic rural development.

Implementation: HDFC Bank implements Parivartan through:

  • Skill Development: Partnering with NGOs to provide vocational training in areas like banking, retail, and hospitality.
  • Financial Literacy: Conducting financial literacy camps to educate people about banking services and financial planning.
  • Rural Infrastructure Development: Supporting the construction of schools, healthcare facilities, and sanitation infrastructure in rural areas.
  • Microfinance: Providing microfinance loans to self-help groups (SHGs) to promote entrepreneurship.

Impact: Parivartan has significantly impacted the lives of rural communities by providing them with skills, financial resources, and access to essential services. HDFC Bank’s Annual Report (2022-23) states that Parivartan has directly impacted over 5.5 million individuals across India. The program has also contributed to increased financial inclusion and economic empowerment, particularly among women.

Conclusion

Corporate Social Responsibility is no longer a peripheral activity but a core business imperative. Initiatives like those undertaken by Tata Steel and HDFC Bank demonstrate the potential of CSR to address critical social and environmental challenges while creating shared value for both businesses and communities. The continued success of CSR in India depends on strengthening the regulatory framework, promoting transparency and accountability, and fostering greater collaboration between businesses, government, and civil society organizations. A shift towards more impact-focused and sustainable CSR initiatives will be crucial for achieving inclusive and equitable development.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Stakeholder
Any party that has an interest in a company and can affect or be affected by its activities. This includes shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, communities, and the government.
ESG
Environmental, Social, and Governance. A set of standards for a company’s operations that socially conscious investors use to screen potential investments.

Key Statistics

As per a report by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (2022-23), total CSR expenditure in India amounted to ₹30,000 crore (approximately $3.7 billion).

Source: Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Annual Report on CSR Compliance

According to a study by KPMG (2023), the top five CSR focus areas in India are education, healthcare, environment, rural development, and skill development.

Source: KPMG India CSR Report 2023

Examples

ITC’s e-Choupal

ITC’s e-Choupal initiative is a pioneering example of CSR in the agricultural sector. It connects farmers directly to markets through internet kiosks, providing them with real-time information on prices, weather, and best practices, thereby enhancing their income and reducing intermediaries.

Frequently Asked Questions

Is CSR mandatory in India?

Yes, under Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013, companies with a net worth of ₹500 crore or more, or a turnover of ₹1000 crore or more, or a net profit of ₹5 crore or more, are required to spend 2% of their average net profit over the preceding three years on CSR activities.

Topics Covered

Business EthicsSocial IssuesCSRSustainabilityIndian Economy