“Nationalism is not a mere political programme but a way of life like religion.” (Aurobindo Ghose)

Understanding Nationalism and Religion

Nationalism, at its core, is a feeling of belonging and loyalty towards a nation, often based on shared culture, language, history, and territory. It manifests in political aspirations for self-governance and national unity. However, it also encompasses a sense of collective identity and purpose. Religion, conversely, is a system of beliefs and practices concerning the sacred, often involving a moral code, rituals, and a sense of community. Both nationalism and religion provide individuals with a framework for meaning, belonging, and moral guidance.

Aurobindo’s Perspective: Parallels between Nationalism and Religion

Aurobindo Ghose argued that nationalism, particularly in the context of India’s struggle for independence, possessed characteristics analogous to religion. He identified several key similarities:

• Sacredness of the Nation: Aurobindo viewed the nation as a ‘Shakti’ or divine energy, deserving of reverence and sacrifice. This mirrors the reverence accorded to deities in religious belief systems.
• Collective Faith and Rituals: Nationalism, he argued, inspires a collective faith in the nation’s destiny and involves rituals like flag hoisting, national anthems, and commemorative events, akin to religious ceremonies.
• Moral Code and Duty: Nationalism instills a sense of duty and obligation towards the nation, demanding selflessness and sacrifice for the common good, similar to the moral codes prescribed by religions.
• Spiritual Dimension: Aurobindo believed that true nationalism wasn’t merely political but a spiritual awakening, a realization of the nation’s unique ‘dharma’ or purpose.

Historical Examples Supporting Aurobindo’s Claim

Several historical instances demonstrate the religious fervor often associated with nationalism:

• Indian Independence Movement (1905-1947): The Indian freedom struggle was imbued with a quasi-religious zeal, with leaders like Gandhi employing religious symbols and rhetoric to mobilize the masses. The concept of ‘Bharat Mata’ (Mother India) became a powerful symbol of national identity, evoking religious devotion.
• Italian Risorgimento (19th Century): The unification of Italy was driven by a passionate nationalist sentiment, often expressed through romanticized depictions of Italian history and culture, resembling a collective religious experience. Giuseppe Mazzini, a key figure, framed the movement as a sacred mission.
• German Unification (19th Century): The unification of Germany under Bismarck also witnessed a surge in nationalistic fervor, with emphasis on shared language, culture, and a sense of ‘Volksgeist’ (national spirit), which resonated with religious sentiments.

Critical Assessment and Nuances

While Aurobindo’s assertion highlights the powerful emotional and cultural dimensions of nationalism, it’s crucial to acknowledge its potential pitfalls. Unlike religion, nationalism lacks a universal moral framework and can easily devolve into exclusionary ideologies like xenophobia and jingoism. The dangers of aggressive nationalism, as witnessed in the 20th century (e.g., Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy), demonstrate that nationalism, unlike religion at its best, can be devoid of ethical constraints. Furthermore, the instrumentalization of nationalism for political gain can undermine its genuine spiritual and cultural foundations.

However, Aurobindo’s point remains relevant in understanding the deep-seated emotional connection people have with their nation. Nationalism, when guided by ethical principles and inclusivity, can be a powerful force for social cohesion and progress.