Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
India’s electoral process, a cornerstone of its democratic fabric, has undergone significant transformations since its inception in 1950. Initially modeled on the British parliamentary system, the Indian electoral system has been subject to numerous reforms aimed at enhancing its credibility, inclusivity, and efficiency. These reforms have been prompted by concerns regarding electoral malpractices, criminalization of politics, and the need to adapt to changing socio-political realities. The recent debates surrounding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and the demand for greater transparency in electoral funding highlight the ongoing need for continuous improvement and adaptation.
Evolution of Electoral Reforms in India
The journey of electoral reforms in India can be broadly categorized into phases:
- Early Phase (1950-1970s): Focused on establishing the basic framework of elections, including the delimitation of constituencies, registration of voters, and the conduct of polls. The Representation of the People Act, 1950 & 1951 laid the foundation.
- Post-Emergency Phase (1970s-1990s): This period witnessed significant reforms aimed at addressing issues of electoral malpractices and violence. Key developments included:
- Introduction of the Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968 to regulate the allotment and reservation of symbols to political parties.
- Amendment to the Representation of the People Act, 1989 to make electoral rolls more accurate and prevent bogus voting.
- Post-1990s Phase: This phase saw a focus on enhancing transparency, curbing criminalization of politics, and promoting inclusivity.
- The Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1999 aimed to expedite trials of MPs and MLAs facing criminal charges.
- The Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 2003 mandated disclosure of assets by candidates.
- Introduction of Photo Identity Cards (EPICs) for voters to prevent impersonation.
Key Committees and Commissions on Electoral Reforms
Several committees and commissions have played a crucial role in recommending electoral reforms:
| Committee/Commission | Year | Key Recommendations |
|---|---|---|
| Indrajit Gupta Committee | 1998 | State funding of elections, ceiling on election expenditure, and disqualification of persons accused of serious crimes. |
| Law Commission | 2015 | Recommended treating bribing of voters as a corrupt practice under the Prevention of Corruption Act. |
| Election Commission of India (ECI) | Ongoing | Continuous recommendations on various aspects of electoral reforms, including EVM security, electoral bonds, and voter awareness. |
Current Issues and Scope for Further Reforms
Despite the reforms undertaken, several challenges persist:
- Criminalization of Politics: Despite attempts to curb it, individuals with criminal backgrounds continue to enter the political arena.
- Lack of Transparency in Political Funding: The use of electoral bonds, while intended to bring transparency, has been criticized for its potential to favor certain political parties.
- Influence of Money and Muscle Power: High campaign costs and the use of illicit funds continue to distort the electoral process.
- Voter Apathy and Low Voter Turnout: Particularly among youth and marginalized sections of society.
- Challenges to EVM Reliability: Concerns regarding the security and verifiability of EVMs persist, despite assurances from the ECI.
Further scope for reforms includes:
- Strengthening the Disqualification Norms: Expanding the scope of disqualification for individuals convicted of serious crimes.
- Enhancing Transparency in Political Funding: Implementing a more robust and transparent system of political funding, potentially through state funding of elections.
- Promoting Ethical Conduct of Political Parties: Enforcing a code of conduct for political parties and holding them accountable for violations.
- Increasing Voter Awareness and Participation: Implementing targeted campaigns to educate voters about their rights and responsibilities.
- Exploring Technological Solutions: Utilizing technology to enhance voter registration, verification, and remote voting options (e.g., internet voting).
- Reforming the Election Commission: Providing the ECI with greater autonomy and resources to effectively discharge its functions.
Conclusion
The Indian electoral process has evolved significantly over the years, but continuous reforms are essential to address emerging challenges and ensure its integrity. While legal and institutional changes are crucial, fostering a culture of ethical politics and promoting greater citizen participation are equally important. A holistic approach, encompassing transparency, accountability, and inclusivity, is necessary to strengthen India’s democratic foundations and ensure free and fair elections. The ongoing debate and recommendations from various stakeholders provide a roadmap for further improvements.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.