Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
India’s foreign policy, traditionally conceived as a centralized function, is increasingly influenced by its federal structure. While the Union government retains primary responsibility, states, particularly those bordering neighboring countries, play a crucial role in shaping bilateral relations. This is due to their unique geographical, economic, and socio-cultural linkages. The statement "Federal units are critical in the making of India's foreign policy" is particularly evident when examining the relationship between India and Bangladesh, where West Bengal’s role has been historically significant and continues to evolve. Recent developments like the Teesta water sharing issue and border management demonstrate the state’s influence on the broader India-Bangladesh dynamic.
Understanding the Interplay of Federalism and Foreign Policy
India’s Constitution establishes a federal system with clearly defined powers for the Union and the States. While foreign affairs is exclusively within the Union List (List I, Schedule VII), the realities of geography and economic interdependence necessitate state involvement. Bordering states possess unique insights into cross-border issues like trade, migration, security, and water resources. Their perspectives are vital for crafting effective and nuanced foreign policy.
West Bengal and Bangladesh: A Historical Perspective
The historical connection between West Bengal and Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) is deeply rooted in shared language, culture, and history. The Partition of 1947 created a complex border situation, and West Bengal became the frontline state dealing with the influx of refugees and managing cross-border issues.
- 1971 Liberation War: West Bengal played a pivotal role in providing shelter and support to millions of Bangladeshi refugees during the 1971 Liberation War. This humanitarian crisis significantly shaped India’s decision to intervene and support the creation of Bangladesh.
- Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) 1974 & 2015: The implementation of the LBA, initially signed in 1974 and finally ratified in 2015, was significantly influenced by West Bengal’s concerns and negotiations regarding land swaps and enclaves. The state government’s cooperation was crucial for the successful implementation of the agreement.
Contemporary Role of West Bengal in India-Bangladesh Relations
West Bengal continues to be a key player in India-Bangladesh relations, particularly in areas of trade, connectivity, and water sharing.
- Trade and Connectivity: A significant portion of India-Bangladesh trade passes through West Bengal. The state government actively promotes border trade and infrastructure development to enhance connectivity, including initiatives like the Inland Waterways Transit and Trade Protocol (IWTT).
- Teesta Water Sharing Issue: The Teesta river water sharing agreement remains a contentious issue. West Bengal’s concerns regarding water availability for its own needs have been a major obstacle in reaching a mutually acceptable agreement with Bangladesh. The state government’s stance significantly influences the Union government’s negotiating position.
- Border Management & Security: West Bengal shares the longest border with Bangladesh. The state police and border security forces work closely with their Bangladeshi counterparts to manage border security, combat smuggling, and prevent illegal immigration.
- Transboundary Crime: The state government actively engages in dialogues with Bangladesh to address issues of transboundary crime, including cattle smuggling and human trafficking.
Challenges and Tensions
Despite the cooperative aspects, tensions and challenges exist. Differing political priorities between the state and central governments can sometimes create friction. For example, concerns over illegal immigration and the National Register of Citizens (NRC) have led to disagreements and anxieties in West Bengal, impacting the overall bilateral relationship.
| Area of Cooperation | Area of Tension |
|---|---|
| Trade & Connectivity | Teesta Water Sharing |
| Border Security Cooperation | Illegal Immigration & NRC concerns |
| Humanitarian Assistance (Refugee Support) | Political Differences between State & Central Govt. |
Evolving Dynamics and Future Prospects
The increasing focus on ‘Act East’ policy and the growing economic ties between India and Bangladesh necessitate greater state-level engagement. West Bengal’s proactive role in promoting regional connectivity projects, such as the BBIN (Bangladesh-Bhutan-India-Nepal) Motor Vehicle Agreement, can further strengthen India-Bangladesh relations. However, addressing the concerns of the state government and fostering a collaborative approach are crucial for realizing the full potential of this partnership.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the statement that federal units are critical in the making of India’s foreign policy holds true, particularly in the context of India-Bangladesh relations. West Bengal’s historical ties, geographical proximity, and economic linkages make it an indispensable stakeholder in shaping the bilateral relationship. While challenges remain, a collaborative and nuanced approach that acknowledges the state’s concerns and leverages its strengths is essential for fostering a stable and mutually beneficial partnership with Bangladesh. The future of India-Bangladesh relations will be significantly influenced by the continued engagement and cooperation of West Bengal.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.