Discuss the social background of Indian nationalism.

Pre-Nationalist Social Conditions

Prior to the 19th century, Indian society was characterized by a rigid social hierarchy based on the caste system, religious diversity, and localized identities. The Mughal empire, while providing a degree of political unity, did not foster a strong sense of national identity. Economic structures were largely agrarian, with limited industrial development. Social life was heavily influenced by traditional customs, religious beliefs, and the authority of local elites.

• Caste System: The deeply entrenched caste system fragmented society and limited social mobility.
• Religious Diversity: Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Jainism, and other religions coexisted, sometimes leading to communal tensions.
• Agrarian Economy: The predominantly agrarian economy meant that the lives of most Indians were tied to the land and local communities.

Emergence of Early Nationalism (1857-1905)

The Revolt of 1857, though ultimately suppressed, served as a catalyst for nascent nationalist sentiments. However, early nationalist organizations like the Indian Association (1876) and the Indian National Congress (1885) were largely dominated by the educated elite – lawyers, journalists, teachers, and landlords. This early phase of nationalism was characterized by moderate demands for administrative reforms and greater Indian participation in governance.

• Social Base: Primarily the educated middle class, largely from the upper castes.
• Demands: Constitutional reforms, administrative efficiency, and Indian representation in government.
• Methods: Petitions, memoranda, and public meetings.

Impact of Socio-Religious Reform Movements

The 19th century witnessed a wave of socio-religious reform movements that played a significant role in shaping the social background of Indian nationalism. These movements challenged traditional social norms, advocated for social justice, and promoted a sense of cultural pride. They helped to create a more receptive environment for nationalist ideas.

• Brahmo Samaj (1828): Founded by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, it advocated for monotheism and social reforms like the abolition of Sati.
• Arya Samaj (1875): Founded by Dayananda Saraswati, it promoted Vedic values and emphasized education and social equality.
• Ramakrishna Mission (1897): Founded by Swami Vivekananda, it emphasized spiritual development and social service.
• Impact: These movements fostered a sense of self-respect, challenged social inequalities, and contributed to the development of a modern Indian identity.

Broadening of the Social Base (1905-1947)

The early 20th century saw a significant broadening of the social base of Indian nationalism, particularly during the Gandhian era. Mahatma Gandhi’s emphasis on non-violent resistance and his appeal to the masses mobilized peasants, workers, and other marginalized groups in the nationalist struggle.

• Gandhian Movements: Movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22), the Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-34), and the Quit India Movement (1942) drew participation from diverse social groups.
• Peasant Movements: Movements like the Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) and the Tebhaga Movement (1946) reflected the grievances of the peasantry and their involvement in the nationalist struggle.
• Working Class Movements: The growth of trade unions and labor movements led to increased participation of workers in the nationalist movement.
• Role of Women: Women played an increasingly active role in the nationalist movement, challenging traditional gender roles and demanding equal rights.
• Dalit Participation: Leaders like B.R. Ambedkar advocated for the rights of Dalits and their inclusion in the nationalist movement, though their participation was often limited by caste discrimination.

Regional Variations

The social background of Indian nationalism also varied across different regions of India. In some regions, like Bengal and Maharashtra, the nationalist movement was more deeply rooted in the educated elite and the middle class. In other regions, like Punjab and Gujarat, the movement drew greater support from the peasantry and the working class. The influence of local social and economic conditions shaped the specific character of nationalism in each region.

Region	Dominant Social Groups in Nationalism
Bengal	Educated elite, Bhadralok, Intellectuals
Maharashtra	Middle class, Professionals, Reformers
Punjab	Peasantry, Sikh community, Ex-servicemen
Gujarat	Merchants, Peasants, Gandhian followers