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UPSC MainsANTHROPOLOGY-PAPER-I201510 Marks150 Words
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Q15.

DNA technology in Medicine.

How to Approach

This question requires a concise explanation of how DNA technology is revolutionizing medicine. The approach should involve defining DNA technology and its applications in diagnostics, therapeutics, and personalized medicine. A structured response should cover genetic testing, gene therapy, pharmacogenomics, and forensic applications in healthcare, highlighting both benefits and ethical considerations. A brief mention of the Indian scenario and relevant regulations is also expected. The answer should be approximately 150 words.

Model Answer

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Introduction

DNA technology, encompassing techniques like Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), DNA sequencing, and gene editing (CRISPR), has fundamentally altered the landscape of modern medicine. Initially used for forensic science, its application in healthcare has expanded exponentially. The Human Genome Project (completed in 2003) paved the way for understanding the genetic basis of diseases, leading to targeted therapies and preventative measures. This answer will explore the key applications of DNA technology in medicine and touch upon the ethical implications that arise from these advancements.

Applications of DNA Technology in Medicine

DNA technology offers a diverse range of applications, transforming disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

Genetic Testing and Diagnosis

  • Pre-natal diagnostics: Screening for genetic disorders like Down syndrome using techniques like amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS).
  • Carrier screening: Identifying individuals carrying recessive genes, allowing informed family planning.
  • Diagnostic testing: Confirming genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis and Huntington’s disease.

Gene Therapy

Gene therapy aims to correct defective genes responsible for diseases. This can involve introducing functional genes into cells using viral vectors. Examples include treatment for Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) using Zolgensma, a gene therapy product.

Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics studies how genes affect a person's response to drugs. This allows for personalized medicine – tailoring drug selection and dosage based on an individual’s genetic profile. For instance, testing for variations in the CYP2C19 gene can guide clopidogrel (antiplatelet drug) dosing.

Forensic Applications in Healthcare

  • Identification of infectious agents (e.g., rapid detection of COVID-19 using PCR).
  • Tracing disease outbreaks and identifying transmission pathways.

Ethical and Regulatory Considerations

The use of DNA technology raises ethical concerns including genetic privacy, potential for discrimination, and the safety of gene editing technologies. India's The Human Genome Variation and Sequencing Initiative (HGVS) Act, 2021 regulates genetic testing and data usage.

Application Description
Genetic Testing Detecting genetic predispositions and diagnosing diseases.
Gene Therapy Correcting defective genes.
Pharmacogenomics Personalizing drug treatment based on genetic profile.

Conclusion

DNA technology holds immense promise for revolutionizing healthcare, enabling earlier diagnosis, more effective treatments, and personalized medicine. However, responsible implementation requires careful consideration of ethical implications and robust regulatory frameworks. Continued research and public dialogue are crucial to harness the full potential of DNA technology while mitigating potential risks and ensuring equitable access to these advancements, especially in developing countries like India.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

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Additional Resources

Key Definitions

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
A technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA, creating millions of copies from a small amount of sample.
Pharmacogenomics
The study of how genes affect a person’s response to drugs.

Key Statistics

The global gene therapy market was valued at USD 2.2 billion in 2021 and is projected to reach USD 13.6 billion by 2030, growing at a CAGR of 20.9% from 2022 to 2030. (Source: Allied Market Research, 2022)

Source: Allied Market Research

The cost of whole-genome sequencing has decreased from approximately $3 billion in 2001 to less than $1,000 in 2022, making it more accessible for clinical applications. (Source: National Human Genome Research Institute)

Source: NHGRI

Examples

CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing

CRISPR-Cas9 is a revolutionary gene editing technology used to precisely target and modify DNA sequences, offering potential cures for genetic diseases. Clinical trials are underway for sickle cell anemia and beta-thalassemia.

Zolgensma Treatment for SMA

Zolgensma is a gene therapy that delivers a functional copy of the SMN1 gene to children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), a severe genetic disorder.

Frequently Asked Questions

▶What are the potential risks of gene therapy?

Potential risks include immune responses, insertional mutagenesis (disruption of other genes), and off-target effects (editing unintended DNA sequences).

▶How does pharmacogenomics improve treatment outcomes?

By identifying genetic variations that affect drug metabolism and efficacy, pharmacogenomics allows doctors to choose the most effective drug and dosage for each patient, minimizing adverse effects and maximizing therapeutic benefits.

Topics Covered

AnthropologyGeneticsMedicinePCR, Genetic Screening, Pharmacogenomics
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