UPSC MainsENGLISH-COMPULSORY20155 Marks
Q11.

He is poor to afford travelling by air.

How to Approach

This question, while grammatically simple, tests the ability to rephrase and expand upon a basic statement, demonstrating command over language and understanding of socio-economic realities. The approach should involve elaborating on the reasons for limited access to air travel, focusing on economic disparities and their broader implications. The answer should explore the concept of affordability, linking it to income levels, cost of air travel, and potential solutions for increased accessibility. A structure focusing on defining the problem, analyzing its causes, and suggesting potential remedies is recommended.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The statement "He is poor to afford travelling by air" encapsulates a stark reality of socio-economic inequality prevalent in many societies, including India. Air travel, often perceived as a symbol of convenience and speed, remains largely inaccessible to a significant portion of the population due to financial constraints. This inaccessibility isn’t merely a matter of individual circumstance; it reflects systemic issues related to income distribution, pricing structures within the aviation industry, and the overall cost of living. Understanding the factors contributing to this disparity is crucial for formulating policies aimed at promoting inclusive growth and equitable access to transportation.

Understanding Affordability and Air Travel

Affordability, in the context of air travel, isn’t solely determined by the ticket price. It’s a function of an individual’s disposable income relative to the total cost of the journey, including ancillary charges like baggage fees, airport taxes, and transportation to and from the airport. For a large segment of the population, particularly those below the poverty line or with low incomes, even seemingly discounted airfares represent a substantial financial burden.

Factors Contributing to Limited Access

  • Income Inequality: India exhibits significant income inequality. According to the World Inequality Report 2022, the top 10% of the population holds nearly 77% of the total wealth, while the bottom 50% possesses only 6%. This vast disparity directly impacts access to discretionary spending like air travel.
  • High Cost of Air Travel: Despite the rise of low-cost carriers (LCCs), air travel remains relatively expensive compared to other modes of transport like railways and buses. Factors contributing to this include fuel prices, airport charges, maintenance costs, and airline profitability margins.
  • Lack of Infrastructure: Limited airport infrastructure, particularly in Tier-II and Tier-III cities, restricts connectivity and increases travel time and costs.
  • Indirect Costs: The cost of reaching the airport, potential overnight stays, and associated expenses further add to the overall financial burden.
  • Limited Financial Literacy: Lack of awareness about travel planning, budgeting, and available discounts can also hinder access.

Government Initiatives and Potential Solutions

The Indian government has undertaken several initiatives to promote air connectivity and affordability:

  • Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) – UDAAN (2016): This scheme aims to connect unserved and underserved airports by providing financial incentives to airlines. It has significantly increased air connectivity to remote regions.
  • National Civil Aviation Policy (2016): This policy focuses on promoting air travel, enhancing infrastructure, and ensuring safety and security.
  • DigiYatra (2022): A biometric-based digital travel experience aimed at streamlining airport processes and reducing wait times.

Further Measures for Increased Accessibility

Area Proposed Measures
Pricing Regulation Exploring mechanisms to regulate airfares, particularly during peak seasons, to prevent price gouging.
Infrastructure Development Investing in the development of regional airports and improving connectivity to remote areas.
Financial Assistance Considering targeted subsidies or financial assistance programs for low-income individuals to facilitate air travel for essential purposes (e.g., medical emergencies).
Promoting Competition Encouraging greater competition among airlines to drive down prices.
Skill Development Providing training and employment opportunities in the aviation sector to create economic opportunities for marginalized communities.

The Broader Implications

Limited access to air travel perpetuates socio-economic disparities. It restricts opportunities for education, employment, and access to essential services. Increased air connectivity can stimulate economic growth in remote regions, promote tourism, and facilitate cultural exchange. Addressing this issue is therefore not merely a matter of convenience but a crucial step towards achieving inclusive and sustainable development.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the statement highlights a fundamental challenge of equitable access in a rapidly developing nation. While initiatives like UDAAN are steps in the right direction, a multi-pronged approach encompassing pricing regulation, infrastructure development, and targeted financial assistance is necessary to make air travel truly affordable for all. Bridging the gap in air travel accessibility is vital for fostering inclusive growth and ensuring that the benefits of economic progress reach all segments of society.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Disposable Income
The amount of money that households have available for spending and saving after income taxes have been paid.
Ancillary Charges
Additional fees charged by airlines for services such as baggage allowance, seat selection, meals, and priority boarding.

Key Statistics

As of 2023, only around 5% of the Indian population has flown at least once in their lifetime.

Source: CAPA India (Centre for Aviation)

The Indian aviation market is expected to become the world’s third-largest by 2024.

Source: International Air Transport Association (IATA) - Knowledge cutoff 2023

Examples

UDAAN Scheme Impact

The UDAAN scheme has operationalized over 66 unserved airports, connecting remote regions like Shillong, Rupsi, and Kalaburagi to major cities.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why are airfares in India often higher than in other countries?

Airfares in India are influenced by factors like high taxes on Aviation Turbine Fuel (ATF), airport charges, route navigation fees, and the relatively high cost of operating aircraft.