Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Samuel Johnson’s assertion that *Tom Jones* is an “immoral text” is a famously contentious one, sparking debate for centuries. Published in 1749, Fielding’s novel was a landmark achievement in the development of the English novel, lauded for its realism and narrative complexity. However, its frank depiction of sexuality, social climbing, and the protagonist’s numerous transgressions led Johnson to condemn it as lacking in moral seriousness. To assess the validity of Johnson’s claim, it is necessary to consider the prevailing moral standards of the 18th century, the satirical nature of Fielding’s work, and the ultimate moral trajectory of the novel. This essay will argue that while *Tom Jones* certainly challenges conventional morality, it is not simply an ‘immoral’ text, but rather a complex exploration of human nature and societal hypocrisy.
Arguments Supporting Johnson’s Claim
Johnson’s critique stems from several aspects of the novel. Firstly, *Tom Jones* features a protagonist who is repeatedly involved in sexual encounters outside of marriage. Tom’s numerous affairs, particularly with Molly Seagrim and Mrs. Waters, are presented with a degree of levity that would have been shocking to many contemporary readers. These actions, by modern standards and even those of the 18th century, were considered morally reprehensible.
Secondly, the novel’s portrayal of the aristocracy is often cynical and critical, but it doesn’t necessarily offer a clear moral alternative. Characters like Lord Fellamar are depicted as corrupt and self-serving, yet the novel doesn’t consistently champion virtuous characters from lower social strata. The focus often remains on the comedic aspects of their flaws rather than a strong moral condemnation.
Thirdly, Fielding’s narrative digressions, while contributing to the novel’s realism, sometimes detract from the central moral concerns. The lengthy episodes involving Manuela and her story, for example, feel tangential and arguably dilute the focus on Tom’s moral development.
Arguments Against Johnson’s Claim
However, to label *Tom Jones* simply ‘immoral’ overlooks Fielding’s sophisticated use of satire and his underlying moral framework. Fielding employs irony and humor to expose the hypocrisy and corruption of 18th-century society. The novel is not endorsing immoral behavior; it is holding it up to ridicule.
Furthermore, despite his flaws, Tom Jones possesses a fundamental goodness and a strong sense of honor. He consistently demonstrates compassion for others, even those who have wronged him. His eventual marriage to Sophie Western, a virtuous and respectable woman, represents a triumph of genuine affection over lust and social ambition. This ending suggests a moral resolution, albeit one achieved through a circuitous route.
Fielding also utilizes the concept of ‘nature’ as a moral compass. Tom’s natural goodness is contrasted with the artificiality and corruption of society. While he succumbs to temptation, his inherent decency ultimately prevails. This aligns with the Enlightenment emphasis on reason and natural law as sources of morality.
Consider the character of Allworthy. While seemingly virtuous, Allworthy’s rigid adherence to social conventions and his inability to understand human passion are presented as flaws. Fielding suggests that true morality requires both virtue and compassion, a balance that Allworthy lacks. This nuanced portrayal demonstrates Fielding’s critical engagement with moral philosophy.
The 18th-Century Context
It’s crucial to understand the moral landscape of the 18th century. While societal norms emphasized restraint and respectability, there was also a growing interest in exploring human passions and desires. The rise of the novel itself reflected this shift, allowing for a more realistic and complex portrayal of human experience. Fielding’s work can be seen as part of this broader cultural trend, challenging traditional moral boundaries while still seeking to offer a meaningful ethical framework.
| Aspect | Supporting Johnson’s View | Challenging Johnson’s View |
|---|---|---|
| Tom’s Behavior | Frequent sexual encounters, disregard for social conventions | Underlying goodness, compassion, eventual virtuous marriage |
| Satire | Levity towards immoral acts | Exposure of societal hypocrisy, critique of corruption |
| Moral Framework | Lack of clear moral alternatives | Emphasis on ‘nature’ as a moral compass, nuanced character portrayals |
Conclusion
In conclusion, while *Tom Jones* undoubtedly challenges conventional morality and features a protagonist prone to transgression, it is an oversimplification to label it an “immoral text.” Johnson’s critique, while understandable given the novel’s frankness, fails to fully appreciate Fielding’s satirical intent and his underlying moral framework. The novel is not an endorsement of vice, but a complex and nuanced exploration of human nature, societal hypocrisy, and the search for genuine virtue. *Tom Jones* remains a significant work of literature precisely because it forces us to confront uncomfortable truths about ourselves and the world around us, prompting a deeper reflection on the nature of morality itself.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.