Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The sex ratio, defined as the number of females per 1000 males, is a crucial demographic indicator reflecting societal attitudes towards women. While India as a whole exhibits a skewed sex ratio, with 948 females per 1000 males (Census 2011 – knowledge cutoff), significant variations exist across different social groups. Notably, the sex ratio among Scheduled Tribes (STs) is comparatively more favourable, often exceeding that of Scheduled Castes (SCs). For instance, the sex ratio among STs in 2011 was 999 females per 1000 males, while for SCs it was 945. This disparity prompts an investigation into the underlying socio-cultural and economic factors that contribute to this difference.
Socio-Economic Factors and Tribal Societies
Several factors contribute to the more favourable sex ratio among tribal communities. Historically, many tribal societies have exhibited greater gender equality compared to mainstream Hindu society. This is often linked to their unique socio-economic structures:
- Matrilineal/Matrilocal Systems: A significant number of tribal groups, particularly in Northeast India (e.g., Khasi, Garo, Mizo), follow matrilineal systems where lineage and inheritance are traced through the mother. Matrilocal residence patterns, where the husband resides with the wife’s family, empower women and enhance their social status.
- High Female Work Participation Rate: Tribal women traditionally participate actively in economic activities like agriculture, forestry, and handicrafts. This economic independence contributes to their value within the community.
- Relatively Less Dowry Prevalence: Dowry, a significant driver of female foeticide in many parts of India, is less prevalent in many tribal communities.
- Early Marriage & Higher Fertility: While seemingly counterintuitive, early marriage and higher fertility rates within some tribal groups can contribute to a higher absolute number of female births, impacting the sex ratio positively.
Socio-Economic Factors and Scheduled Caste Societies
In contrast, Scheduled Castes often face socio-economic disadvantages that contribute to a less favourable sex ratio:
- Historical Disadvantage & Poverty: SCs have historically faced systemic discrimination and socio-economic marginalization, leading to poverty and limited access to resources.
- Patriarchal Norms & Dowry: Strong patriarchal norms and the pervasive practice of dowry are prevalent among many SC communities. The perceived economic burden of raising a daughter often leads to sex-selective abortions.
- Lower Female Literacy & Work Participation: Lower levels of education and limited employment opportunities for women in SC communities contribute to their lower social status and vulnerability.
- Influence of Mainstream Society: Increased exposure to mainstream societal norms and values, including a preference for sons, can exacerbate gender bias within SC communities.
Comparative Analysis
The following table summarizes the key differences:
| Feature | Scheduled Tribes | Scheduled Castes |
|---|---|---|
| Social Structure | Often matrilineal/matrilocal | Predominantly patrilineal/patrilocal |
| Female Work Participation | High | Relatively Low |
| Dowry Prevalence | Low | High |
| Economic Status | Relatively better access to natural resources | Historically marginalized, often landless |
| Gender Equality | Generally higher | Generally lower |
Limitations and Nuances
It’s important to acknowledge that these are generalizations. There is significant diversity *within* both ST and SC communities. The sex ratio can vary considerably based on geographical location, specific tribal/caste group, and levels of modernization. Furthermore, the data from the Census (2011) may not fully reflect current trends due to factors like increased access to sex-determination technologies and changing societal norms.
Conclusion
The more favourable sex ratio among Scheduled Tribes compared to Scheduled Castes is a complex phenomenon rooted in distinct socio-economic and cultural contexts. While tribal societies often exhibit greater gender equality due to matrilineal systems, high female work participation, and lower dowry prevalence, SC communities grapple with historical disadvantages, patriarchal norms, and economic vulnerabilities. Addressing these underlying inequalities through targeted interventions focused on education, economic empowerment, and challenging harmful social practices is crucial for improving the sex ratio and ensuring the well-being of women across all social groups in India.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.