Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Left Wing Extremism (LWE), a persistent internal security challenge for India, is deeply rooted in socio-economic grievances. While security-centric approaches have been dominant, the underlying causes – land alienation, displacement due to development projects, and lack of access to basic services – often remain unaddressed. The government’s push for large industries in backward areas, intended to spur economic growth, has frequently led to the marginalization of tribal communities and small farmers, fueling resentment and providing fertile ground for LWE. The foci of Malkangiri (Odisha) and Naxalbari (West Bengal) exemplify this dynamic, demanding a nuanced and corrective strategy that prioritizes inclusive development and social justice.
Understanding the Root Causes
The core issue lies in the disconnect between development paradigms and the needs of vulnerable populations. Large-scale industrial projects, often focused on resource extraction (mining, forestry), displace communities from their ancestral lands without adequate compensation or rehabilitation. This displacement disrupts traditional livelihoods, social structures, and cultural identities, creating a sense of alienation and injustice. The lack of meaningful participation in decision-making processes further exacerbates these grievances.
Malkangiri and Naxalbari: Regional Specificities
Malkangiri (Odisha)
Malkangiri, situated in the Koraput region, is characterized by dense forests, a predominantly tribal population (around 60%), and limited infrastructure. The region has witnessed LWE due to:
- Displacement due to mining projects: Bauxite mining and other resource extraction activities have displaced tribal communities.
- Poor implementation of Forest Rights Act (FRA) 2006: Delays in recognizing individual and community forest rights have fueled resentment.
- Lack of access to healthcare and education: Limited healthcare facilities and low literacy rates contribute to socio-economic backwardness.
- Geographical isolation: Difficult terrain hinders development efforts and security operations.
Naxalbari (West Bengal)
Naxalbari, historically significant as the birthplace of the Naxalite movement in 1967, continues to be affected by LWE due to:
- Land reforms failures: Incomplete land redistribution and continued land disputes have left many landless laborers vulnerable.
- Exploitation by intermediaries: Moneylenders and local strongmen exploit farmers and laborers.
- Political marginalization: A sense of political exclusion and lack of representation contribute to discontent.
- Inter-state coordination: Proximity to Jharkhand and other LWE-affected states facilitates the movement of insurgents.
Corrective Strategies for Mainstreaming Citizens
Governance and Security
- Strengthening local governance: Empowering Gram Panchayats and involving local communities in decision-making.
- Effective implementation of FRA 2006: Expediting the recognition of forest rights and ensuring their protection.
- Judicious use of force: Prioritizing intelligence-led operations and minimizing collateral damage.
- Capacity building of security forces: Training security personnel in cultural sensitivity and human rights.
Economic Development
- Inclusive industrialization: Promoting industries that create employment opportunities for local communities and respect their traditional livelihoods.
- Skill development programs: Providing vocational training and skill development opportunities to enhance employability.
- Promoting sustainable agriculture: Supporting organic farming, horticulture, and other sustainable agricultural practices.
- Infrastructure development: Improving road connectivity, healthcare facilities, and educational institutions.
Social Inclusion
- Improving access to education: Establishing residential schools and providing scholarships to tribal students.
- Strengthening healthcare services: Deploying mobile health units and ensuring access to quality healthcare.
- Promoting cultural preservation: Supporting tribal art, music, and traditions.
- Addressing social discrimination: Raising awareness about social justice and promoting equality.
The ‘Aspirational Districts’ program, launched in 2018, aims to improve socio-economic indicators in the most backward districts, including many LWE-affected areas. However, its success hinges on effective implementation and genuine community participation.
Conclusion
Addressing LWE requires a paradigm shift from a purely security-centric approach to one that prioritizes inclusive development, social justice, and good governance. The experiences of Malkangiri and Naxalbari highlight the need for region-specific strategies that address the unique challenges faced by tribal communities and farmers. By empowering local communities, ensuring equitable access to resources, and promoting sustainable livelihoods, the government can win the trust of the affected citizens and bring them back into the mainstream of social and economic growth. A holistic and sustained approach, coupled with genuine political will, is crucial for achieving lasting peace and prosperity in LWE-affected areas.
Answer Length
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