Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The international system is often characterized by states pursuing their national interests, a principle rooted in political realism. This pursuit, while understandable, frequently manifests as a zero-sum game, where one nation’s gain is perceived as another’s loss, leading to tensions and conflicts. The Russia-Ukraine war, for instance, exemplifies this dynamic, driven by perceived security interests and geopolitical ambitions. However, a purely self-interested approach overlooks the interconnectedness of the global community and the potential for ethical considerations to foster a more stable and cooperative international order. Integrating ethical principles into international relations isn’t about abandoning national interest, but about redefining it to include a broader understanding of shared responsibility and long-term global well-being.
The Problem of Unfettered National Interest
A world solely governed by national interest, devoid of ethical constraints, suffers from several inherent flaws:
- Increased Conflict: Competition for resources, power, and influence intensifies, escalating into disputes and even armed conflicts. The South China Sea dispute, with multiple nations asserting claims, is a prime example.
- Erosion of Trust: A lack of ethical considerations breeds suspicion and distrust among nations, hindering cooperation on critical global issues.
- Inequity and Exploitation: Powerful nations may exploit weaker ones, disregarding their needs and rights, leading to resentment and instability. Historical colonialism exemplifies this.
- Global Challenges Unaddressed: Issues like climate change, pandemics, and economic crises require collective action, which is difficult to achieve when nations prioritize only their own interests.
How Ethical Considerations Can Resolve Tensions
Ethical principles can act as a corrective to the excesses of national interest, promoting a more just and peaceful international order. Key ethical considerations include:
1. Reciprocity and Fairness
The principle of reciprocity – treating others as you wish to be treated – encourages nations to consider the consequences of their actions on others. Fair trade practices, for example, promote equitable economic relationships, reducing resentment and fostering cooperation. The establishment of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 1995, though imperfect, aimed to create a rules-based system promoting fair trade.
2. Human Security
Shifting the focus from state security to human security – protecting individuals from threats like poverty, disease, and violence – can foster a more humane and cooperative international environment. The Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, endorsed by the UN in 2005, reflects this shift, asserting the international community’s responsibility to intervene in cases of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
3. Common but Differentiated Responsibilities
This principle, central to climate change negotiations, acknowledges that all nations have a responsibility to address global challenges, but that their contributions should be proportionate to their capabilities and historical contributions to the problem. The Paris Agreement (2015) embodies this principle, setting different emission reduction targets for developed and developing countries.
4. Global Public Goods
Recognizing the importance of global public goods – resources and benefits available to all, such as clean air, oceans, and disease control – encourages nations to cooperate in their provision and protection. International efforts to combat piracy, for example, benefit all maritime nations.
5. Adherence to International Law and Institutions
Respecting international law and strengthening international institutions like the United Nations provides a framework for resolving disputes peacefully and promoting cooperation. The International Court of Justice (ICJ) plays a crucial role in settling legal disputes between states.
Examples of Ethical Considerations in Practice
Several instances demonstrate the positive impact of ethical considerations in international relations:
- Nordic Countries’ Foreign Policy: Countries like Sweden and Norway consistently prioritize human rights, development assistance, and multilateralism in their foreign policy, earning them a reputation as ethical actors.
- The European Union: The EU’s emphasis on rule of law, democracy, and human rights has been a powerful force for promoting these values in its neighboring countries.
- International Humanitarian Aid: The provision of humanitarian aid to countries affected by natural disasters or conflicts demonstrates a commitment to alleviating suffering, regardless of national interest.
Conclusion
While the pursuit of national interest will inevitably remain a central feature of international relations, a purely self-interested approach is unsustainable and ultimately counterproductive. Integrating ethical considerations – such as reciprocity, human security, and shared responsibility – is crucial for mitigating conflicts, fostering cooperation, and addressing global challenges effectively. A shift towards a more ethical international order requires not only a change in mindset but also a strengthening of international institutions and a commitment to upholding international law. Ultimately, a world where nations prioritize not only their own interests but also the well-being of the global community is a more secure and prosperous world for all.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.