Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Centre-State relations in India, envisioned as cooperative federalism by the framers of the Constitution, have often been marked by tensions and disputes. While the Constitution clearly demarcates powers between the Union and the States, ambiguities and evolving political realities have led to contested areas. The recent trend of competitive federalism, coupled with increasing regional aspirations and fiscal imbalances, has further complicated these relations. Understanding these contested areas is crucial for maintaining the delicate balance of power and ensuring effective governance in a diverse nation like India.
Legislative Conflicts
The legislative sphere witnesses conflicts primarily concerning the extent of the Union’s legislative powers, particularly under Article 248 (residuary powers) and the Seventh Schedule.
- Subjects of Concurrent List: Disputes frequently arise over subjects in the Concurrent List (List III), such as education, trade, and criminal law, where both the Centre and States can legislate. Often, State laws are challenged as being inconsistent with Central laws.
- Union Legislation Affecting State Subjects: The Centre’s power to legislate on State subjects under Article 252 (Parliament legislating on State subjects in national interest) and Article 249 (Parliament legislating for State List subjects under certain conditions) is often contested by States.
- Goods and Services Tax (GST): While GST aimed to simplify the indirect tax regime, disputes over compensation to states, control over tax administration, and changes in rates continue to be a point of contention.
Administrative Conflicts
Administrative conflicts stem from issues related to the implementation of central schemes, the role of Governors, and the deployment of central agencies.
- Implementation of Central Schemes: States often complain about the Centre’s unilateral decisions regarding the design and implementation of centrally sponsored schemes, leading to concerns about fiscal autonomy and policy space.
- Role of Governors: The Governor’s role as an intermediary between the Centre and the State has been a source of friction, particularly during political instability or when a State government differs with the Centre. The use of Article 356 (President’s Rule) has been controversial.
- Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) and Enforcement Directorate (ED): The increasing use of central agencies like the CBI and ED in States governed by opposition parties has raised concerns about political vendetta and erosion of federal principles.
Financial Conflicts
Financial disputes are perhaps the most persistent and significant source of tension in Centre-State relations.
- Tax Devolution: States have consistently demanded a greater share of the divisible pool of taxes, arguing that the existing formula does not adequately reflect their needs and performance. The 15th Finance Commission’s recommendations (2020-2026) sparked debate on the criteria for tax devolution.
- Central Grants: Disputes arise over the allocation of central grants, particularly discretionary grants, and the conditions attached to them.
- Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM): Differences in fiscal policies and adherence to FRBM targets between the Centre and States can lead to conflicts over borrowing limits and debt sustainability.
Emerging Areas of Conflict
Beyond the traditional areas, new issues are emerging as points of contention.
- Environmental Regulations: Conflicts arise over environmental clearances, forest conservation, and the implementation of environmental regulations, particularly concerning projects with national implications.
- Data Protection and Privacy: The Centre’s attempts to formulate a national data protection framework have faced resistance from States concerned about their autonomy over data governance.
- New Education Policy (NEP) 2020: Implementation of NEP 2020 has led to disagreements on issues like medium of instruction and curriculum standardization.
| Area of Conflict | Constitutional Provisions/Acts Involved | Recent Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Legislative | Article 248, Seventh Schedule, Article 252, Article 249, GST Council | West Bengal opposing changes to the Electricity Act, 2023; State governments challenging central laws on agricultural marketing. |
| Administrative | Article 356, Role of Governor | Maharashtra political crisis (2022); Kerala challenging the Centre’s use of central agencies. |
| Financial | Finance Commission, FRBM Act, GST Compensation Cess | States demanding extension of GST compensation; Disputes over devolution of taxes based on population data. |
Conclusion
Centre-State relations in India are inherently complex, characterized by a dynamic interplay of cooperation and conflict. While the Constitution provides a framework for resolving disputes, political considerations and evolving socio-economic realities often complicate matters. Strengthening inter-state council mechanisms, promoting fiscal federalism, and fostering a spirit of cooperative federalism are essential for addressing these contested areas and ensuring a harmonious balance of power between the Centre and the States. A more transparent and consultative approach to policy-making is crucial for building trust and resolving disputes effectively.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.