Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Poverty, a multifaceted socio-economic condition, is often categorized into absolute and relative forms. While both represent deprivation, they differ significantly in their definition and measurement. Absolute poverty refers to a condition where individuals lack the basic necessities for survival – food, shelter, clothing – falling below a minimum subsistence level. Relative poverty, conversely, defines poverty in relation to the economic status of other members of the society. Understanding this distinction is crucial for designing effective poverty reduction policies, especially in a rapidly changing economic landscape like India, where economic growth hasn’t necessarily translated into equitable distribution of wealth.
Absolute Poverty: A Basic Needs Perspective
Absolute poverty is defined by a fixed standard of living, typically measured against a poverty line representing the minimum income required to meet basic needs. This line is often based on the cost of a minimum calorie intake (in India, historically 2400 calories per person per day) or a basket of essential goods and services. Individuals below this line are considered absolutely poor.
- Measurement: Typically uses a monetary threshold (e.g., World Bank’s $2.15/day poverty line as of 2022).
- Focus: Survival and basic needs fulfillment.
- Example: A family in rural India unable to afford two square meals a day, lacking access to clean water and sanitation, and living without adequate shelter.
Relative Poverty: A Social Comparison Perspective
Relative poverty, on the other hand, is defined in relation to the average living standards within a specific society. It focuses on income inequality and the deprivation experienced by those at the lower end of the income distribution. It doesn’t necessarily mean a lack of basic necessities, but rather a significant shortfall compared to the prevailing societal norms.
- Measurement: Often expressed as a percentage of the median or mean income (e.g., 60% of the median income).
- Focus: Social exclusion and inequality.
- Example: A family in a developed country unable to afford healthcare, education, or participate in common social activities due to low income, despite having basic necessities.
Comparing Absolute and Relative Poverty
The key differences between the two can be summarized in the following table:
| Feature | Absolute Poverty | Relative Poverty |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Lack of basic necessities for survival | Lack of resources compared to others in society |
| Measurement | Fixed poverty line (calorie intake, essential goods) | Percentage of median/mean income |
| Focus | Survival, basic needs | Social inclusion, inequality |
| Relevance | More relevant in developing countries | More relevant in developed countries |
Which is More Appropriate?
While both concepts are important, absolute poverty is arguably more appropriate for a developing country like India. This is because a significant portion of the population still struggles to meet basic needs. Focusing solely on relative poverty might overlook the plight of those who are genuinely deprived of the necessities for survival. Addressing absolute poverty is a prerequisite for achieving broader social and economic development. Furthermore, India’s historical context of widespread deprivation necessitates a primary focus on ensuring a minimum standard of living for all citizens. However, as India progresses, the focus should gradually shift towards addressing relative poverty and reducing income inequality to ensure inclusive growth.
The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), adopted by NITI Aayog, attempts to capture both absolute and relative deprivation by considering factors beyond income, such as health, education, and standard of living. This holistic approach is crucial for effective poverty reduction.
Conclusion
In conclusion, while relative poverty highlights societal inequalities, absolute poverty remains the more pressing concern for a nation like India striving to uplift millions from destitution. Prioritizing the fulfillment of basic needs through targeted interventions, coupled with a long-term vision of reducing income disparities, is essential for achieving sustainable and inclusive development. A nuanced understanding of both concepts, and a policy framework that addresses both, is ultimately required for a just and equitable society.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.