Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The Indian girl child, despite constitutional guarantees of equality, continues to be a victim of systemic exploitation, manifesting in various forms from pre-natal sex selection to child marriage and economic deprivation. Rooted in deeply ingrained patriarchal norms and socio-economic disparities, this exploitation hinders her potential and perpetuates cycles of disadvantage. Recent data from the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21) reveals persistent gender imbalances at birth, highlighting the ongoing preference for sons. Addressing this issue is crucial not only for upholding human rights but also for achieving inclusive and sustainable development.
Pre-Birth Discrimination and Sex Selection
The most insidious form of exploitation begins even before birth. Despite the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (PCPNDT) Act, 1994, sex-selective abortions remain prevalent due to a strong son preference. This is fueled by dowry demands, inheritance laws, and societal expectations. The child sex ratio (0-6 years) has declined from 946 in 2011 to 948 in 2021 (Census 2011 & Provisional Census 2021), indicating a slow but concerning trend. The skewed sex ratio has long-term consequences for social stability and demographic balance.
Exploitation During Childhood
Educational Disadvantage
Girls face significant barriers to education, particularly in rural areas. Factors include poverty, lack of access to schools, societal norms prioritizing boys’ education, and safety concerns. According to UNESCO, in 2022, approximately 11.9% of girls in India are out of school compared to 9.1% of boys. This disparity widens at the secondary and higher secondary levels.
Health and Nutrition
Girls are often denied adequate nutrition and healthcare, leading to higher rates of malnutrition and anemia. Early marriage and pregnancy further exacerbate these health risks. The Poshan Abhiyaan (National Nutrition Mission) launched in 2018 aims to improve nutritional outcomes for children, including girls, but its impact is still unfolding.
Child Labour
Economic vulnerability forces many girls into child labour, particularly in domestic work, agriculture, and the garment industry. They are often subjected to long hours, low wages, and abusive conditions. The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986, and its amendment in 2016, aim to protect children from exploitation, but enforcement remains a challenge.
Societal and Systemic Factors
Patriarchal Norms
Deeply entrenched patriarchal norms contribute to the devaluation of girls and women. These norms manifest in discriminatory practices such as son preference, unequal access to resources, and limited decision-making power.
Poverty and Economic Disparity
Poverty exacerbates the vulnerability of girls to exploitation. Families facing economic hardship may prioritize boys’ education or force girls into early marriage or labour to alleviate financial burdens.
Lack of Legal Enforcement
While India has a robust legal framework to protect the rights of girls, effective implementation and enforcement remain weak. This is due to factors such as corruption, lack of awareness, and inadequate resources.
Governmental and Societal Interventions
- Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao (BBBP) Scheme (2015): Aims to address declining child sex ratio and promote girls’ education.
- Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana (2015): A savings scheme for the education and marriage of girl children.
- Kanya Kreya Scheme (Madhya Pradesh): Provides financial assistance to girls at birth.
- Awareness Campaigns: Various NGOs and government initiatives are working to raise awareness about the rights of girls and challenge harmful social norms.
Conclusion
The exploitation of the Indian girl child is a complex issue rooted in historical, social, and economic factors. While significant progress has been made through legislative measures and targeted interventions like BBBP and Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, sustained efforts are needed to address the underlying causes of discrimination and ensure equal opportunities for girls. Strengthening legal enforcement, promoting gender-sensitive education, and empowering women economically are crucial steps towards creating a society where every girl child can thrive and reach her full potential. A holistic approach involving government, civil society, and communities is essential for achieving lasting change.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.