UPSC MainsENGLISH-LITERATURE-PAPER-II201610 Marks150 Words
Q5.

Nothing stays out : daughters get married to short-lived idiots; sons who run away come back

How to Approach

This question presents a fragment of poetry and requires an analytical response. The approach should focus on interpreting the poem's themes, tone, and potential implications. Key points to cover include identifying the central concerns (family dynamics, societal expectations, loss), analyzing the language used (brevity, directness), and exploring the emotional impact of the lines. Structure the answer by first establishing the poem's context, then delving into a detailed analysis of each line, and finally, offering a concluding interpretation of its overall message.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The provided lines, stark in their brevity, offer a glimpse into a cycle of familial disappointment and resignation. The poem’s power lies in its understated depiction of societal pressures surrounding marriage and familial expectations, particularly for women. It speaks to the often-unspoken realities of arranged or expectation-driven marriages and the consequences of individual choices that deviate from societal norms. The poem doesn’t offer solutions or judgments, but rather presents a raw, almost clinical observation of life’s recurring patterns, hinting at a sense of inevitability and perhaps, a quiet despair.

Analyzing the Lines

The poem’s impact stems from its directness and lack of embellishment. Each line functions as a concise statement of a harsh reality.

“Nothing stays out”

This opening line establishes a sense of confinement and the impossibility of escaping life’s predetermined course. ‘Staying out’ can be interpreted as resisting societal norms or achieving lasting happiness. The phrase suggests that external forces – societal expectations, familial pressures – inevitably penetrate and influence individual lives. It sets a pessimistic tone for the rest of the poem.

“daughters get married to short-lived idiots”

This line is particularly jarring in its bluntness. The phrase “short-lived idiots” is deliberately harsh, suggesting marriages based on superficial qualities or made in haste, leading to unhappiness and potentially early widowhood. It critiques the societal practice of prioritizing marriage for daughters, even at the cost of their well-being. The use of “idiots” isn’t merely an insult, but a commentary on the lack of foresight or care in choosing partners. This line reflects a patriarchal society where a daughter’s fate is often determined by familial decisions.

“sons who run away come back”

This final line offers a contrasting, yet equally disheartening, observation. While daughters are confined to potentially unhappy marriages, sons who rebel and “run away” ultimately return. This suggests that even attempts at independence are ultimately futile. The return could be due to societal pressure, financial dependence, or a lack of viable alternatives. It implies a cyclical pattern where individuals may temporarily escape, but are inevitably drawn back into the familiar constraints of family and tradition. The line hints at a lack of genuine agency for both genders, albeit manifested differently.

Themes and Interpretation

  • Familial Expectations: The poem highlights the immense pressure placed on individuals, particularly women, to conform to familial and societal expectations regarding marriage.
  • Loss of Agency: Both daughters and sons appear to lack genuine agency in their lives, trapped by circumstances beyond their control.
  • Cycle of Disappointment: The poem suggests a recurring pattern of unhappiness and resignation, where individuals are destined to repeat the mistakes of previous generations.
  • Social Critique: The poem implicitly critiques societal norms that prioritize marriage and conformity over individual happiness and fulfillment.

The poem’s strength lies in its ambiguity. It doesn’t offer a clear moral or solution, but rather presents a stark and unsettling portrait of human existence. The brevity of the lines amplifies their impact, forcing the reader to confront the uncomfortable truths they reveal.

Conclusion

In conclusion, these three lines form a poignant and unsettling commentary on the constraints of family, society, and the human condition. The poem’s power resides in its unflinching honesty and its ability to evoke a sense of quiet despair. It’s a stark reminder of the often-unspoken realities of life, where expectations can stifle individual dreams and the pursuit of happiness can be a futile endeavor. The poem’s enduring relevance lies in its universal themes of love, loss, and the search for meaning in a world often governed by tradition and societal pressures.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Patriarchy
A system of society or government in which men hold the power and women are largely excluded from it. It often manifests in societal norms and expectations that favor men and limit women's opportunities.
Agency
The capacity of individuals to act independently and to make their own free choices. The poem suggests a lack of agency for both daughters and sons, highlighting their limited control over their own lives.

Key Statistics

According to the National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21), the percentage of women aged 20-24 years who were married before the age of 18 in India is 23.3% (rural: 26.8%, urban: 19.3%).

Source: National Family Health Survey-5 (2019-21)

According to the World Bank, female labor force participation rate in India was 20.8% in 2022, significantly lower than the global average of 38.8%.

Source: World Bank (2022)

Examples

Dowry System in India

The dowry system, though illegal, continues to be prevalent in many parts of India. It often leads to forced marriages and contributes to the vulnerability of women, mirroring the poem’s depiction of daughters being married off without regard for their happiness.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the significance of the word "idiots" in the poem?

The use of "idiots" is deliberately harsh and serves to highlight the lack of consideration given to the daughters' well-being in the selection of their husbands. It's not merely an insult, but a critique of the superficiality and lack of foresight that often characterize arranged marriages.