Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The South China Sea, a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean, is increasingly at the center of geopolitical tensions. Bordered by China, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, and Taiwan, it is estimated to hold significant reserves of oil and gas, and is a crucial shipping route for global trade. Recent years have witnessed escalating disputes over islands and maritime boundaries, particularly concerning China’s expansive claims based on the ‘Nine-Dash Line’. This has transformed the SCS from a regional issue into a focal point of great power competition, impacting regional stability and international law.
Geographical Significance and Territorial Disputes
The South China Sea covers an area of approximately 3.5 million square kilometers. It contains numerous islands, reefs, and atolls, many of which are claimed by multiple countries. The primary disputes revolve around the Spratly and Paracel Islands. China claims historical rights over almost the entire sea, a claim rejected by the Permanent Court of Arbitration in 2016 (Philippines v. China). Other claimants assert rights based on the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), particularly regarding Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs).
Economic Importance
The SCS is a vital conduit for international trade. Approximately one-third of global shipping passes through its waters, including a significant portion of trade destined for or originating from East Asia. It is estimated that over $3.4 trillion worth of trade transits the SCS annually (CSIS, 2023 - knowledge cutoff). Furthermore, the region is believed to contain substantial reserves of oil and natural gas, although estimates vary widely. Fishing resources are also crucial for the livelihoods of millions in the surrounding countries.
Strategic and Political Dimensions
- China’s Assertiveness: China has been actively building artificial islands and militarizing them, constructing airfields, ports, and military installations. This has raised concerns about its intentions and its potential to control vital sea lanes.
- US Involvement: The United States maintains a strong military presence in the region and conducts Freedom of Navigation Operations (FONOPs) to challenge China’s claims and uphold international law.
- Regional Responses: Countries like Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia are strengthening their defense capabilities and seeking alliances with other nations to counter China’s influence.
- India’s Role: India has increased its naval presence in the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea, reflecting its growing strategic interests in the region and its commitment to maritime security. India’s ‘Act East’ policy also emphasizes strengthening ties with Southeast Asian nations.
Impact on International Law and Order
China’s disregard for the 2016 PCA ruling has undermined the authority of international law and institutions. The SCS dispute has become a test case for the effectiveness of UNCLOS and the international rules-based order. The militarization of the region also increases the risk of accidental clashes and escalation, potentially leading to a wider conflict.
| Claimant | Claims | Basis of Claim |
|---|---|---|
| China | Almost entire SCS (Nine-Dash Line) | Historical rights |
| Philippines | Spratly Islands, Scarborough Shoal | UNCLOS, EEZ |
| Vietnam | Paracel and Spratly Islands | Historical rights, UNCLOS |
| Malaysia | Spratly Islands | UNCLOS, EEZ |
Conclusion
The South China Sea’s geopolitical significance stems from its strategic location, economic importance, and complex territorial disputes. China’s assertive actions, coupled with the involvement of major powers like the US and India, have transformed the region into a potential flashpoint. Resolving the disputes peacefully through dialogue, adherence to international law, and a commitment to maintaining freedom of navigation are crucial for regional stability and global security. A collaborative approach involving all stakeholders is essential to prevent further escalation and ensure a peaceful and prosperous future for the South China Sea region.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.