Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
India shares the longest land border with Bangladesh (4,096 km) and maintains complex spatial relationships with its neighbours, shaped by historical, geographical, and political factors. These relationships are manifested through demarcated and disputed boundaries, cooperative agreements on resource sharing, and participation in regional forums. Understanding these spatial dynamics is crucial for India’s foreign policy and regional security. The relationships are not static, evolving with changing geopolitical realities and domestic priorities.
India’s Space Relationships with Neighbouring Countries
India’s spatial relationships with its neighbours can be categorized as follows:
West (Pakistan & Afghanistan)
- Pakistan: Shares a 3,323 km land border, largely defined by the Radcliffe Line (1947). The Line remains a source of dispute, particularly regarding Kashmir. Maritime boundary disputes exist in the Arabian Sea.
- Afghanistan: Shares a short (221 km) but strategically important border with Pakistan-administered Kashmir. India’s connectivity projects aim to bypass Pakistan, utilizing the Chabahar Port (Iran) for access.
East (Bangladesh, Myanmar, China)
- Bangladesh: Shares the longest land border. The Ganges Water Treaty (1996) governs water sharing. Boundary disputes have largely been resolved through agreements.
- Myanmar: Shares a 1,643 km border. Concerns exist regarding cross-border insurgency and refugee flows.
- China: Shares a 3,488 km Line of Actual Control (LAC), a disputed border. Multiple sectors (Western, Middle, Eastern) remain contentious.
North (Nepal & Bhutan)
- Nepal: Shares an open border, facilitating free movement of people. Boundary disputes exist in the Kalapani region, leading to tensions in recent years.
- Bhutan: Shares a peaceful border. The 1949 Treaty of Friendship provides for guidance by India in foreign affairs.
Maritime Boundaries: India also shares maritime boundaries with Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Indonesia, often subject to negotiations and agreements regarding Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs).
| Country | Border Type | Key Issues/Agreements |
|---|---|---|
| Pakistan | Land, Maritime | Kashmir Dispute, Sir Creek Dispute |
| Bangladesh | Land | Ganges Water Treaty (1996) |
| China | Land (LAC) | Disputed LAC, Border Negotiations |
Conclusion
India’s spatial relationships with its neighbours are complex and multifaceted, shaped by historical legacies, geographical constraints, and evolving geopolitical dynamics. While cooperative agreements exist in areas like water sharing and trade, boundary disputes and security concerns continue to pose challenges. A nuanced and pragmatic approach, prioritizing dialogue and mutual respect, is essential for fostering stable and productive relationships in the region.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.