Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The emergence of Backward Classes (BCs) as a potent political force in India is a defining feature of the country’s democratic evolution. Historically marginalized and subjected to socio-economic discrimination rooted in the caste system, these communities began to assert their political rights in the latter half of the 20th century. The term ‘Backward Classes’ itself is a construct, evolving from colonial administrative classifications to the constitutional recognition granted post-independence. This process was not merely about granting representation but fundamentally altered the power dynamics within Indian politics, leading to both opportunities and challenges for inclusive governance.
Pre-Independence Context: Colonial Classifications & Early Mobilization
The roots of identifying ‘Backward Classes’ lie in the colonial administration’s attempts to understand and categorize Indian society for administrative convenience. Early surveys and censuses, like those conducted by the British, began to identify and classify communities based on occupation and social status. These classifications, though often flawed and based on prejudiced assumptions, laid the groundwork for later identification of disadvantaged groups.
- Early Surveys: The Census of 1931 was significant in identifying ‘depressed classes’ (later Scheduled Castes).
- Satyashodhak Samaj (1873): Founded by Jyotirao Phule, this movement challenged Brahmanical dominance and advocated for the rights of lower castes, laying the foundation for future mobilization.
- Self-Respect Movement (1925): Led by E.V. Ramasamy ‘Periyar’, this movement in South India vehemently opposed caste discrimination and advocated for social equality.
Post-Independence Policies: Reservations & Constitutional Provisions
Post-independence, the Indian Constitution enshrined the principle of equality and provided for affirmative action to address historical injustices. Article 15(4) and Article 16(4) empowered the state to make special provisions for the advancement of socially and educationally backward classes.
- First Backward Classes Commission (1953): Headed by Kaka Kalelkar, this commission identified criteria for defining Backward Classes but its recommendations were not fully implemented.
- Second Backward Classes Commission (1979): Also known as the Mandal Commission, headed by B.P. Mandal, this commission provided a more comprehensive list of Backward Classes and recommended 27% reservation in government jobs and educational institutions. This sparked significant social and political debate.
- Implementation of Mandal Commission Recommendations (1990): V.P. Singh government’s decision to implement the Mandal Commission recommendations led to widespread protests but also solidified the political importance of Backward Classes.
- 73rd & 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (1992-93): These amendments provided for reservation of seats for Backward Classes in local bodies (Panchayats and Municipalities).
Political Mobilization & Rise of OBC Politics
The implementation of reservation policies and growing political awareness led to increased mobilization of Backward Classes. Several regional and national political parties emerged, representing the interests of these communities.
- Janata Dal: Played a crucial role in implementing the Mandal Commission recommendations.
- Samajwadi Party (SP): Emerged as a prominent force in Uttar Pradesh, representing the interests of Yadavs and other Backward Classes.
- Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD): Similarly, gained prominence in Bihar, mobilizing Backward Classes and Muslims.
- Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP): While primarily representing Dalits, the BSP also attracted support from sections of Backward Classes.
Challenges & Contemporary Issues
Despite significant progress, several challenges remain in ensuring equitable representation and social justice for Backward Classes.
- Sub-categorization within OBCs: The issue of ‘creamy layer’ and the need for sub-categorization within OBCs to ensure benefits reach the most marginalized sections remains a contentious issue.
- Economic disparities: Despite reservation, economic disparities persist among Backward Classes.
- Political representation: While political representation has increased, it is not always commensurate with their population share.
- Judicial scrutiny: Reservation policies have faced judicial scrutiny, with courts setting limits on reservation percentages. (Indra Sawhney case, 1992)
| Commission/Committee | Year | Key Recommendations |
|---|---|---|
| Kaka Kalelkar Commission | 1953 | Identification of Backward Classes, but limited implementation. |
| Mandal Commission | 1979 | 27% reservation for OBCs in government jobs and educational institutions. |
| Rohini Commission | 2005 | Sub-categorization of OBCs to address internal inequalities. |
Conclusion
The emergence of Backward Classes in Indian politics represents a significant democratization of the political landscape. While reservation policies and political mobilization have empowered these communities, challenges related to economic disparities, sub-categorization, and equitable representation persist. Addressing these challenges requires a holistic approach that combines affirmative action with inclusive development policies, ensuring that the benefits of growth reach all sections of society and fostering a truly just and equitable India. The ongoing debate surrounding reservation and social justice underscores the need for continuous dialogue and refinement of policies to achieve lasting social transformation.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.