Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
The concept of ‘modernisation’ in the early 20th century, largely influenced by Western thought, signified progress through industrialization, technological advancement, urbanization, and the adoption of rational, scientific principles. It often entailed a shift away from traditional social structures and economic systems. However, Mahatma Gandhi offered a profound critique of this model, arguing that it was not universally applicable, particularly to the socio-economic realities of India. His vision of a self-reliant, decentralized, and ethically grounded society stood in stark contrast to the perceived homogenizing and materialistic tendencies of Western modernisation, leading him to propose an alternative path to progress rooted in Indian traditions and values.
Gandhi’s Core Principles: A Counter-Modernity
Gandhi’s critique of modernisation wasn’t a rejection of all change, but a rejection of a specific *type* of change. His philosophy was built upon several core principles:
- Swaraj (Self-Rule): Not merely political independence, but also individual and community self-reliance in all aspects of life – economic, social, and moral.
- Sarvodaya (Welfare of All): A society where the needs of the most vulnerable are prioritized, and development benefits everyone, not just a select few.
- Swadeshi (Self-Reliance): Promoting local production and consumption, reducing dependence on foreign goods and fostering economic independence.
- Trusteeship: The idea that the wealthy should hold their wealth as trustees for the benefit of society, rather than as owners.
Critique of Materialism and Industrialization
Gandhi fundamentally questioned the Western emphasis on material progress. He believed that unchecked industrialization led to:
- Exploitation: Industrial systems inherently create hierarchies and exploit labor, leading to social injustice. He saw the conditions in British factories as a prime example.
- Environmental Degradation: The relentless pursuit of economic growth disregards the ecological consequences, depleting natural resources and harming the environment.
- Loss of Community: Industrialization and urbanization disrupt traditional social bonds and create alienation.
- Spiritual Emptiness: A focus on material possessions distracts from spiritual development and ethical living.
He advocated for a simpler lifestyle, emphasizing the dignity of labor and the importance of fulfilling basic needs through local production. He promoted khadi (hand-spun cloth) as a symbol of self-reliance and a rejection of mass-produced goods.
Critique of Centralization and the Modern State
Gandhi was wary of the centralized, bureaucratic state that often accompanied modernisation. He believed that:
- Centralization breeds power imbalances: Concentrated power is prone to corruption and abuse.
- It stifles local initiative: Centralized planning often ignores the specific needs and knowledge of local communities.
- It alienates people from governance: A distant, bureaucratic state is less responsive to the concerns of ordinary citizens.
He envisioned a decentralized political system based on gram swaraj (village self-rule), where villages were largely autonomous and responsible for their own governance. This contrasted sharply with the centralized administrative structure imposed by British colonial rule.
Critique of Western Education
Gandhi criticized the Western education system prevalent during his time, arguing that it:
- Devalued indigenous knowledge: It prioritized Western knowledge systems over traditional Indian learning.
- Created a class of ‘brown Englishmen’: It produced individuals alienated from their own culture and aspiring to imitate Western lifestyles.
- Neglected character building: It focused on intellectual development at the expense of moral and ethical education.
He advocated for Nai Talim (Basic Education), a system that integrated education with practical skills and emphasized character development, self-reliance, and social responsibility.
The Question of Technology
Gandhi wasn’t against all technology, but he advocated for its selective adoption. He believed that technology should be:
- Labor-saving, not labor-replacing: Technology should assist workers, not displace them.
- Environmentally sustainable: Technology should minimize its impact on the environment.
- Accessible to all: Technology should not exacerbate social inequalities.
He famously expressed skepticism about railways, arguing that they facilitated colonial exploitation and disrupted traditional social networks.
| Modernisation (Western Model) | Gandhi’s Alternative |
|---|---|
| Emphasis on material progress | Emphasis on spiritual and moral development |
| Industrialization and mass production | Local production and handcrafts |
| Centralized state | Decentralized village self-rule |
| Western education | Nai Talim (Basic Education) |
Conclusion
Gandhi’s critique of modernisation wasn’t a nostalgic yearning for a bygone era, but a pragmatic assessment of its potential consequences for India. He offered a compelling alternative vision – one rooted in self-reliance, social justice, and ethical living. While his ideas were not fully implemented, they continue to resonate today, particularly in the context of concerns about environmental sustainability, economic inequality, and the erosion of traditional values. His emphasis on localized solutions and community empowerment remains relevant in a world grappling with the challenges of globalization and rapid technological change.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.