Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Environmental movements in India represent a diverse spectrum of social and political actions aimed at protecting the natural environment and promoting sustainable development. Rooted in traditional ecological knowledge and increasingly influenced by global environmental concerns, these movements have evolved from localized conservation efforts to large-scale protests against destructive development projects. The Chipko movement of the 1970s is often considered the genesis of organized environmental resistance in India, marking a shift towards participatory and decentralized approaches to environmental protection. These movements reflect a growing awareness of the interconnectedness between environmental degradation, social justice, and economic equity.
Early Conservation Movements (Pre-1970s)
The initial phase of environmental activism in India was largely focused on wildlife conservation and forest preservation. These movements were often led by individuals with a strong scientific or naturalist background.
- Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) (1883): Played a crucial role in documenting biodiversity and advocating for wildlife protection.
- Indian Wildlife Board (1952): Established to promote wildlife conservation efforts.
- Forest Conservation Movements: Focused on protecting forests from indiscriminate logging and exploitation.
The Rise of Chipko and Similar Movements (1970s-1980s)
This period witnessed the emergence of grassroots movements that challenged conventional development paradigms and emphasized community participation.
- Chipko Movement (1973): Originating in Uttarakhand, this movement involved women hugging trees to prevent their felling. It highlighted the importance of community forestry and the ecological role of forests.
- Jungle Bachao Andolan (Save the Forest Movement): Similar movements emerged in other parts of India, like Bihar, protesting against deforestation and its impact on local communities.
- Silent Valley Project (1970s-1980s): A campaign to protect the Silent Valley rainforest in Kerala from a hydroelectric project. It brought attention to the ecological significance of rainforests and the need for environmental impact assessments.
Anti-Dam Movements (1980s-1990s)
Large-scale dam projects became a focal point of environmental resistance, raising concerns about displacement, ecological damage, and social injustice.
- Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) (1985 onwards): Led by Medha Patkar, this movement protested against the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River, highlighting the displacement of thousands of people and the environmental consequences of the project.
- Tehri Dam Andolan: Opposed the construction of the Tehri Dam on the Bhagirathi River, citing concerns about seismic activity and the submergence of towns and villages.
Environmental Justice Movements (1990s-Present)
These movements broadened the scope of environmental concerns to include issues of social equity, health, and livelihood security.
- Bhopal Gas Tragedy Movement (1984 onwards): Demanded justice for the victims of the Bhopal gas leak and accountability from Union Carbide.
- Coastal Zone Regulation (CRZ) Violations Protests: Numerous protests against violations of CRZ regulations, particularly in coastal areas, highlighting the impact of industrial development on marine ecosystems and fishing communities.
- Movements against Pollution (e.g., Delhi’s air pollution): Increasing awareness and activism regarding air and water pollution in urban centers.
Recent Trends and Emerging Issues
Contemporary environmental movements are increasingly influenced by climate change, globalization, and the rise of social media.
- Climate Change Activism: Growing awareness and advocacy for climate action, including demands for renewable energy and reduced carbon emissions.
- Forest Rights Act (FRA) Movements: Efforts to implement the FRA and secure the rights of forest-dwelling communities.
- Anti-Mining Movements: Protests against mining projects that threaten forests, water resources, and local livelihoods.
| Movement Type | Key Focus | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Conservation | Wildlife & Forest Protection | BNHS, Indian Wildlife Board |
| Grassroots Resistance | Community Forestry, Local Ecology | Chipko Movement, Jungle Bachao Andolan |
| Anti-Dam | Displacement, Ecological Impact | Narmada Bachao Andolan, Tehri Dam Andolan |
| Environmental Justice | Social Equity, Health, Livelihood | Bhopal Gas Tragedy Movement, CRZ Violations Protests |
Conclusion
Environmental movements in India have played a crucial role in raising awareness about environmental issues, challenging unsustainable development practices, and advocating for environmental justice. While these movements have achieved significant successes, they continue to face challenges such as political opposition, lack of resources, and the complex interplay of economic and social factors. The future of environmental activism in India will likely involve a greater emphasis on climate change mitigation, sustainable livelihoods, and the empowerment of local communities. A holistic and integrated approach, combining traditional ecological knowledge with scientific expertise, is essential for addressing the environmental challenges facing the country.
Answer Length
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