Model Answer
0 min readIntroduction
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), formerly known as Primitive Tribal Groups, are identified as the most vulnerable among the Scheduled Tribes in India. These groups face unique socio-economic challenges and are at a disadvantageous position compared to other tribal communities. As of 2023, there are 75 PVTGs in India, representing a significant portion of the country’s tribal population. Recognizing their precarious situation, the government has implemented various schemes and programs aimed at their upliftment and preservation of their cultural identity. The recent renaming reflects a shift towards a more sensitive and empowering approach.
Identification of PVTGs
The identification of PVTGs is a complex process based on several criteria. Initially, the Dhebar Commission (1961) identified PVTGs. The criteria used for identification include:
- Pre-agricultural level of technology: Groups practicing rudimentary forms of agriculture or hunting-gathering.
- Low literacy rate: Significantly lower literacy rates compared to other tribal groups and the national average.
- Economic backwardness: Dependence on primitive means of livelihood and limited access to resources.
- Geographical isolation: Remoteness and inaccessibility of their habitats.
- Stagnant or declining population: Low population growth rates or even population decline.
Currently, the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, in consultation with state governments, identifies PVTGs. The identification is based on these criteria and a comprehensive assessment of the group’s socio-economic conditions.
Vulnerabilities Faced by PVTGs
PVTGs face a multitude of vulnerabilities that hinder their development:
- Health Issues: High rates of malnutrition, infant mortality, and susceptibility to diseases due to poor sanitation and limited access to healthcare.
- Educational Backwardness: Low enrollment rates, high dropout rates, and lack of quality education facilities.
- Economic Deprivation: Dependence on forest resources, limited employment opportunities, and exploitation by intermediaries.
- Land Alienation: Loss of traditional land rights due to encroachment, development projects, and lack of legal protection.
- Social Exclusion: Discrimination, marginalization, and lack of participation in mainstream society.
- Cultural Erosion: Loss of traditional knowledge, languages, and cultural practices due to modernization and external influences.
Government Initiatives for PVTG Development
The government has launched several initiatives to address the challenges faced by PVTGs:
- Constitutional Safeguards: Article 330 & 332 of the Constitution provide for reservation in legislatures. The Fifth and Sixth Schedules address administration of tribal areas.
- Pradhan Mantri Van Dhan Yojana (PMVDY): Launched in 2018, it aims to improve livelihoods of tribal communities through value addition of forest produce.
- Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): Established to provide quality education to tribal students in remote areas.
- National Fellowship and Scholarship for Higher Education: Provides financial assistance to tribal students pursuing higher education.
- TRIFED’s initiatives: Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) promotes economic development through marketing of tribal products.
- PVTG Development Plan: A comprehensive plan focusing on health, nutrition, education, livelihood, and infrastructure development for PVTGs.
Recent Developments & Challenges
The renaming of PTGs to PVTGs signifies a more sensitive approach. However, challenges remain. Effective implementation of schemes, ensuring access to remote areas, addressing land alienation, and promoting cultural preservation are crucial. The focus needs to shift from mere welfare measures to empowering PVTGs and enabling them to participate in the development process.
Conclusion
PVTGs represent a unique and vulnerable section of Indian society requiring focused attention and targeted interventions. While the government has initiated several programs, their effective implementation and holistic approach are essential for their sustainable development. Addressing their socio-economic vulnerabilities, preserving their cultural identity, and empowering them to participate in the mainstream are crucial for achieving inclusive growth and social justice. Continuous monitoring, evaluation, and adaptation of policies are necessary to ensure that these groups are not left behind in the nation’s progress.
Answer Length
This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.