UPSC MainsENGLISH-COMPULSORY20175 Marks
Q47.

Use the following words to make sentences that bring out their meaning clearly. Do not change the form of the words (No marks will be given for vague and ambiguous sentences) : (iv) Territorial

How to Approach

This question tests the candidate's ability to demonstrate understanding of word meaning through contextual sentence construction. The key is to use 'territorial' in a sentence that clearly reflects its meaning related to land, boundaries, or control over a specific area. Avoid ambiguity and ensure the sentence is grammatically correct. Focus on creating a sentence that showcases the word's application in a political, geographical, or legal context.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The term 'territorial' fundamentally relates to land, the area of land under the jurisdiction of a state or nation. It encompasses not just the physical landmass but also the airspace and waters surrounding it, defining the boundaries of sovereignty. Understanding the concept of territorial integrity is crucial in international law and political science, as it underpins the rights and responsibilities of states. The following sentences aim to illustrate the meaning of 'territorial' in a clear and unambiguous manner.

Illustrative Sentences using 'Territorial'

Here are sentences using the word 'territorial' to demonstrate its meaning:

  1. The dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir remains a complex issue rooted in territorial claims.
  2. China’s assertive actions in the South China Sea are largely driven by its territorial ambitions and desire to control vital shipping lanes.
  3. The indigenous tribes historically defended their territorial rights against encroachment by settlers.
  4. The United Nations Charter upholds the principle of territorial integrity, prohibiting member states from violating the sovereignty of others.
  5. The bird displayed fiercely territorial behavior, aggressively defending its nesting area from intruders.
  6. The company expanded its operations, seeking to increase its territorial market share within the region.

Expanding on the Concept of Territoriality

Territoriality is a fundamental aspect of statehood and international relations. It’s not merely about physical control but also about the exercise of sovereignty, including the right to govern, legislate, and enforce laws within defined boundaries.

Historical Context

Throughout history, conflicts have frequently arisen over territorial disputes. The Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), for example, significantly shaped the territorial boundaries of the Middle East after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, leading to lasting geopolitical consequences.

Modern Challenges

In the modern era, territorial disputes continue to be a source of tension. The ongoing conflict in Ukraine, initiated with Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and escalated in 2022, is a prime example of a violation of territorial integrity and international law.

Legal Framework

International law, particularly the UN Charter and customary international law, recognizes the principle of territorial sovereignty. Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.

Territorial Waters and Exclusive Economic Zones

The concept of 'territorial' extends beyond land to include maritime zones. A state’s territorial waters extend up to 12 nautical miles from its coastline, while its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends up to 200 nautical miles, granting it exclusive rights to exploit resources within that area. Disputes over these maritime territorial claims are common, particularly in the South China Sea and the Arctic region.

Zone Extent Rights
Territorial Waters Up to 12 nautical miles Full sovereignty, including navigation and resource control
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Up to 200 nautical miles Exclusive rights to explore and exploit natural resources

Conclusion

In conclusion, the word 'territorial' encompasses the concept of land, boundaries, and the rights associated with controlling a specific area. Its application extends beyond simple geographical definitions to encompass political sovereignty, legal frameworks, and international relations. Understanding the nuances of 'territorial' is vital for comprehending global conflicts, maritime disputes, and the fundamental principles governing the international order. The continued importance of respecting territorial integrity remains a cornerstone of a peaceful and stable world.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Territorial Integrity
The principle that states should not have their borders altered by force or coercion, and that they have the right to govern themselves within their established boundaries.
Sovereignty
The supreme power or authority within a territory, recognized by international law. It includes the right to govern, make laws, and enforce them without external interference.

Key Statistics

As of 2023, there are approximately 195 internationally recognized sovereign states, each with defined territorial boundaries.

Source: United Nations

Approximately 17% of the world’s land area is subject to some form of <strong>territorial</strong> dispute (as of 2020).

Source: Global Conflict Tracker, Council on Foreign Relations (knowledge cutoff 2021)

Examples

The Falklands War

The 1982 Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom was a direct result of a <strong>territorial</strong> dispute over the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), demonstrating the lengths to which states will go to assert their claims.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between territorial waters and an Exclusive Economic Zone?

Territorial waters represent full sovereignty over the waters adjacent to a state’s coastline, while an EEZ grants exclusive economic rights (like resource exploitation) but not full sovereignty.