UPSC MainsENGLISH-LITERATURE-PAPER-II201710 Marks150 Words
Q1.

Comment critically on the following in about 150 words each, focusing on the context: And the expensive delicate ship that must have seen Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky, Had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.

How to Approach

This question requires a critical analysis of a poetic excerpt, focusing on its contextual implications. The approach should involve identifying the central imagery (the ship, the falling boy), interpreting the symbolism, and exploring the themes of indifference, progress, and the human cost of ambition. The answer should demonstrate an understanding of poetic devices and their effect on meaning. Structure the response by first establishing the scene, then analyzing the symbolism, and finally, commenting on the overall message conveyed by the lines.

Model Answer

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Introduction

The excerpt, taken from W.H. Auden’s poem “Musée des Beaux Arts,” presents a stark contrast between the relentless forward motion of progress and the unnoticed suffering of individuals. Auden uses the image of a ship sailing calmly on, despite witnessing a boy falling from the sky – a clear allusion to the biblical story of Icarus – to comment on humanity’s capacity for indifference in the face of tragedy. The poem, written in the shadow of escalating global conflicts in the 1930s, subtly critiques the societal normalization of suffering and the prioritization of ambition over empathy. This commentary is delivered through a deceptively simple, almost detached, tone.

The Symbolism of the Ship and the Fall

The “expensive delicate ship” is a potent symbol of civilization, progress, and perhaps even societal structures. Its description suggests a focus on material value and refinement, highlighting a world preoccupied with its own concerns. The ship’s continued journey, “somewhere to get to,” emphasizes the relentless drive of human ambition and the prioritization of goals over immediate human needs. This relentless pursuit is presented as almost mechanical, devoid of emotional response.

Icarus as a Representation of Individual Suffering

The “boy falling out of the sky” is a direct reference to the Greek myth of Icarus, who flew too close to the sun and plummeted to his death. Icarus represents individual aspiration, the pursuit of dreams, and the inherent risks associated with challenging boundaries. However, in Auden’s poem, Icarus’s fall is rendered almost incidental. The ship doesn’t alter its course, doesn’t acknowledge the tragedy; it simply “sailed calmly on.” This indifference is the poem’s central critique.

Contextualizing Indifference: The Pre-War World

Auden wrote this poem in 1938, a period marked by rising fascism and the looming threat of World War II. The poem can be interpreted as a commentary on the collective apathy that allowed such horrors to unfold. The ship’s indifference mirrors the world’s failure to adequately respond to the suffering of others, particularly in the face of political and ideological upheaval. The poem suggests that societal structures and ambitions often overshadow individual tragedies.

Poetic Devices and Tone

The use of understated language – “calmly on” – is crucial to the poem’s effect. The lack of dramatic description or emotional outcry amplifies the sense of indifference. The detached tone creates a chilling effect, forcing the reader to confront the uncomfortable truth that suffering is often overlooked or ignored in the pursuit of larger goals. The juxtaposition of the grand ship and the falling boy further emphasizes the disparity between societal priorities and individual vulnerability.

The Broader Implications

  • The poem challenges the romanticized notion of progress, suggesting that it often comes at a human cost.
  • It raises questions about moral responsibility and the extent to which individuals are accountable for the suffering of others.
  • The poem’s enduring relevance lies in its ability to resonate with contemporary issues of social injustice and global crises.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Auden’s excerpt is a powerful and unsettling commentary on human indifference and the relentless pursuit of progress. Through the stark imagery of the ship and the falling boy, the poem exposes the societal tendency to prioritize ambition over empathy, and to normalize suffering in the face of larger goals. The poem’s enduring power lies in its ability to provoke reflection on our own complicity in a world often characterized by apathy and injustice. It serves as a poignant reminder of the importance of acknowledging and responding to the suffering of others.

Answer Length

This is a comprehensive model answer for learning purposes and may exceed the word limit. In the exam, always adhere to the prescribed word count.

Additional Resources

Key Definitions

Allusion
An allusion is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing, or idea having a cultural, historical, or mythological significance. In this poem, the reference to Icarus is a key example.
Juxtaposition
Juxtaposition is the placement of two things closely together to emphasize the contrast or commonality. In this poem, the ship and the falling boy are juxtaposed to highlight the indifference of progress to individual suffering.

Key Statistics

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), as of 2023, there are over 114 million forcibly displaced people worldwide.

Source: UNHCR, 2023

Globally, approximately 1 in 10 children are involved in child labour, according to the International Labour Organization (ILO).

Source: ILO, 2020

Examples

The Rwandan Genocide

The Rwandan Genocide of 1994 serves as a tragic example of international indifference to mass suffering. Despite early warning signs, the international community failed to intervene effectively, resulting in the deaths of approximately 800,000 people.

Frequently Asked Questions

Why is the ship described as "expensive" and "delicate"?

The adjectives "expensive" and "delicate" emphasize the ship's material value and the societal focus on refinement and luxury, contrasting sharply with the vulnerability and tragedy of Icarus's fall.